Data sources
Administrative health data
Administrative databases generally originate from systems that are either
mandated by law for social or public health reasons, such as disease registers, or
those that finance health care to patients, such as claims data. Using linked
events of interest on a large number of study participants, and to assess risk
factors and associations between outcomes that are independently collected. The
following administrative databases were linked to the 45 and Up Study and used
in this thesis.
Hospital records
The NSW Admitted Patient Data Collection (APDC), formerly named the
Inpatient Statistics Collection, is a clinical and administrative database
documenting episode‐related information for all patient admissions to NSW
hospitals [5]. The database was initially created in 1981 by the NSW Health
Department to monitor the utilisation of NSW hospital services under the Health
Administration Act 1982 for public hospitals, and the Private Hospitals and Day
Procedures Centres Act 1988 and Health Insurance Act 1973 for private hospitals
[5]. This database covers information on patient demographics, source of referral
to the service, location referred to on separation, diagnoses, procedures, external
causes, activities when injured, places of occurrence and morphologies.
Clinical information is coded using the International Classification of
Disease version 10 Australian modification (ICD‐10‐AM) [6] and the Australian
Classification of Health Interventions (ACHI) [7]. For each coded episode of care,
there is a principal diagnosis and up to 54 additional diagnoses contributing to
the episode of care. All separations are allocated to a diagnosis code based on the
Hospital admissions may be coded with more than one episode within the
database. The episodes of care end with the discharge, transfer, or death of a
patient. Therefore if a patient is transferred to another service due to a change in
on‐going clinical requirements during the stay in hospital, then this patient will
have another entry in the database. Patients who have multiple admissions, and
within this have multiple episodes of care, may have a large number of individual
records within the database [5].
For the purpose of follow‐up of the 45 and Up Study participants for
disease outcomes, the data of particular interest in the APDC database include
basic demographics, the admission date, discharge date, episode number, modes
of separation, length of stay, all the diagnosis codes and codes of diagnosis
related groups.
Disease registers
The NSW Notifiable Conditions Information Management System
(NCIMS) is a confidential application used to manage the surveillance and
reporting of notifiable diseases and conditions under the NSW Public Health Act
2010 [8]. Under the Public Health Act 2010, laboratories, hospitals, medical
practitioners, schools, and child care centres must notify NSW Health or their
local public health unit of diagnoses of certain infectious diseases. These
notifications are compiled into the NCIMS.
The NCIMS database contains a record of all notifiable diseases in NSW.
foodborne disease, outbreaks of probable viral gastroenteritis and listeriosis.
Notably, campylobacteriosis is currently notifiable in all Australian states and
territories, except NSW. Sporadic, or non‐outbreak cases of norovirus infection
are not notifiable in Australia. Notification data provided include disease code,
date of onset, confirmation methods, the type of specimen used for confirmation,
date of notification to the relevant health authority, basic demographics, and
postcode of residence [8]. In 2009, there were 6,575 enteric disease notifications
to the NCIMS [9].
The NSW Cancer Registry databases documents records of cancer patients
in NSW. This database contains demographic, clinical and death details for
people diagnosed or treated with cancer in NSW. It also includes these details for
residents of NSW diagnosed with cancer in other Australian states and territories
since 1972. Notification of new cancer cases and cancer deaths is required under
the Public Health Act 2010 [10].
The Births, Deaths and Marriages
In Australia, these records are held by the registrar generals of births,
deaths and marriages. The NSW Register of Births, Deaths, and Marriages
(RBDM) includes a record of all births, marriages and deaths in NSW and the
date of the event. For the purpose of follow‐up of the 45 and Up Study
participants to identify deaths, only death records were requested. Death records
documents. Cause of death information was only available for a small period of
follow‐up at the time of this thesis, and therefore was not used.
Claims data
In Australia, claims data are generated by the Pharmaceutical Benefits
Scheme (PBS), one of the largest systems run by Medicare Australia. It is a
national government system that subsidises the cost of medicines, most of which
are dispensed by pharmacists. The PBS database documents information about
subsided dispensed prescription drugs for the Australian population [11]. For
medications listed on the PBS, consumers contribute a co‐payment towards the
cost, and the Australian Government pays the remainder. People with concession
cards pay a smaller copayment (AUD 6 in 2014) than the general population.
Concession card holders include people with a Pensioner Concession Card, a
Commonwealth Senior Health Card or a Health Care Card [12].
Before July 2012, the PBS database did not capture dispensed medications
that were below the consumer copayment level. Since no medication cost less
than the concessional copayment, the PBS dataset captured all medications
dispensed to concession card holders in the time period covered by this thesis.