3.3. Performance of the Formula applied to impulse response waveforms
3.3.1. Analytical impulse response waveforms
In this study, the waveform is of the form of the impulse response of a linear and time invariant damped single degree of freedom oscillator. The form of the waveform is presented in (3.8).
1 sin( ).
)
( e t
t m
f t d
d
n
(3.8)
The waveform characteristics depend on the natural frequency n
and the damping ratio . The parameter m is the mass of the system and d is the damped natural frequency calculated by d n 12 . In this study, three different
analytical impulse response waveforms are constructed by using the three sets of system parameter values n and . The system parameter values are selected in order to study the performance of the Formula and do not consider physical meaning behind the analytical impulse response waveform. To allow for the impulse response waveform to sufficiently decay, the length of the waveform is selected to be an integer number of periods which is greater than five time constants.
Parameter set Natural frequency
Damping ratio
1 0.3
2 0.5
3 2 0.3
Table 3.1 Parameter sets for theoretical impulse response waveforms.
In the previous section, the length N of the vector of calculated coefficients for each Daubechies scaling function is known. This information must be identified in the case of an impulse response waveform to ensure the ability of the coefficients to capture the characteristics of the waveform. The ability of the calculated coefficients to capture the characteristics of the waveform is determined by using the coefficients in a single iteration of (3.1) with a half scale of the original waveform. This representation is called the calculated function and is then compared to the original waveform using a L1 norm. The sufficient length N of the vector of calculated coefficients is selected when the L1 norm error between two function is below a selected threshold error value.
Number of coefficients Number of coefficients
(A) (B)
Figure 3.3 Comparison of the calculated function derived by using the calculated coefficients and its half scale function to the original impulse
response waveform for parameter set 1 (A) N=4 and (B) N=20.
In Figure 3.3(A), the length N of the coefficients is equal to four. The calculated function from this coefficient set clearly exhibits poor correlation with the original waveform. With an insufficient number of coefficients, the characteristics of the original waveform are not successfully captured. In Figure 3.3(B), the length N of coefficients is increased to twenty. The agreement between the calculated function and the original waveform is greatly improved. To provide a quantitative measure of the correlation, the absolute value of the difference between the calculated function and the original waveform is calculated for each length N of the calculated coefficients. The resulting error vector is numerically integrated over the non‐dimensionalized time and is used to characterize the relative effectiveness of the coefficients in capturing the characteristics of the original signal for each length N.
(A) (B)
Figure 3.4 (A) Plot of the error between calculated function and original waveform versus the length N of coefficients. (B) Comparison of the calculated
function and the original waveform for N=30.
This error vector is used to evaluate the performance of the Formula in a range of different values of N for a particular waveform. An error function corresponding to values of N 4 to N 20 are plotted in (A). The magnitude of the error is much greater for N 4 than for N 20, reflecting the lesser ability of the shorter coefficient lengths to capture the characteristics of the waveform when compared with the longer coefficients lengths. As a result, the magnitude of the error for parameter set 1 in (A) decreases as the length of coefficients is increased.
By increasing the value of N beyond 20, the error function is decreased further at a much lower rate. By increasing the number of coefficients from N 4 to N 20, the value of the error function decreasing by 91 percent.
When the number of coefficients is increased from N=20 to N=30, the error is decreased by only 2 percents. Better agreement is observed during the first period of oscillation as seen in (B) with Figure 3.3(B). However, a deviation between two functions is observed in the second half of the scaling function in (B). The coefficient length N=19 is sufficient to represent this waveform. The procedure uses to study the performance of the Formula with impulse response waveforms is in Figure 3.5.
Figure 3.5 The procedure uses to convey the performance of the Formula with impulse response waveforms.
Similar assessments are repeated for waveforms that are generated by using (3.8) with the values from parameter sets two and three. The magnitude of the error for these parameter sets are also plotted in (A). A similar trend as the first parameter set is observed.
Number of coefficients Number of coefficients
(A) (B)
Figure 3.6 Calculated functions compared with impulse response waveforms for (A) N=16 with parameter set 2 and (B) N = 19 with parameter set 3.
Considering a threshold error value at 5 percents of the error value at N=4, it is observed in Figure 3.6(A) a sufficient length N of coefficients for parameter sets two and three are N=16 and N=19, respectively. Using these values, good agreement with the impulse response waveform and the calculated function is illustrated in Figure 3.6(A) and (B) for both parameter sets. It is clear that in order to successfully capture the characteristics of a particular waveform, the length of coefficients N must be selected appropriately. By conducting additional simulations, it is observed that when the system damping ratio is increased, fewer coefficients are need to reproduce the original waveform. For parameter set one and parameter set three, the overlap of the error functions is observed. This behavior can be expected since the length of the signal is adjusted based on the natural frequency of the system of being studied and damping for both parameter sets are the same.
Figure 3.7 The experiment system uses a cantilevered aluminum beam with a single accelerometer to measure the resulting impulse responses.