Worksheet 1
Cell Structure
a) all living things.... b) ...pre-existing cells
c) microscopes d) resolution
e) electron f) magnification
g) Robert Hooke h) cytoplasm
i) nucleus j) chloroplast
k) cell wall l) cell membrane
m) vacuole
n) cell wall & (o) chloroplast
(p)-(t) (any order) golgi body, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes (u) controls substances going in/out of cell v) Endoplasmic reticulum
w) packaging substances for storage or secretion
x) mitochondria y) chloroplast
z) strength/ rigidity/ protection on outside of plant cell
Worksheet 2 Chem & Membrane
a) inorganic b) carbon
c) proteins d) membrane
e) energy storage compoundsf) carbohydrates
g) C6H12O6 h) photosynthesis
i) cellular respiration j) DNA
k) sugar (glucose) l) Biuret reagent
m)yellow/brown n) black/dark blue
o) phospholipid p) permeable
q) high(er) r) lower
s) water t) gradient
u) passive v) energy or ATP
w) Surface area / Volume x) volume
y) cell membrane z) surface area
aa) many ab) large
Worksheet 3
1. C 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. D 6. B 7. B 8. A 9. The light ‘scope forms images by focusing light beams with glass lenses. Electron ‘scopes focus beams of electrons using magnetic fields. Light scopes achieve magnifications around 500X and resolution of about 0.2 um. Electron scopes are 500-1,000 times better in each department.
10. Nucleus- membrane has pores to allow RNA messengers to go out into the cell.
OR
Mitochondrion- inner membrane is highly folded for more surface area. The enzymes of cellular respiration are arranged on these membranes for greater efficiency.
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11. Organic chemicals are mainly complex molecules, often polymers, based on the element carbon.
e.g. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids & nucleic acids. Inorganic chemicals in living cells are small, simple molecules or mineral ions e.g. water, oxygen, nitrate & chloride ions.
12. Semi-permeable means that some
chemicals can diffuse through it easily, while others cannot get through .
13. Diffusion is the movement of any solute, solvent or gas along the concentration gradient.
Osmosis is the diffusion of WATER, against the concentration gradient, through a semi-
permeable membrane.
14. As any object gets larger, its SA/Vol ratio gets smaller. A cell needs nutrients, oxygen, etc in proportion to its volume, but must get these substances in through its cell membrane, the size of which is its surface area.
Therefore, a large cell (with a smaller SA/Vol ratio) would not be able to take in necessary substances fast enough to survive.
Worksheet 4 Plant Nutrition
a) Autotrophs b) heterotrophs
c) carbon dioxide d) water
e) glucose f) oxygen
g) chloroplasts h) chlorophyll
i) light j) glucose
k) polymerization l) starch
m) cell walls n) lipids
o) minerals (inorganic ions) p) proteins
q) root hairs r) surface area
s) osmosis t) xylem
u) light absorption v) palisade
w) circulation of water & gases throughout the leaf
x) stomates y) transpiration
z) carbon dioxide
Worksheet 5 Animal Nutrition
a) enzymes b) sugars
c) amino acids
d) salivary glands, stomach, pancreas & small intestine
e) surface area f) small intestine
g) liver h) large & flat
i) long j) bacteria
k) cellulose l) sharp, tearing
m) short n) hummingbirds
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Worksheet 6
1. B 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. D 6. B 7. C
8.Autotrophs are organisms that can make their own food. example: Plants
Heterotrophs have to eat food made by other organisms. example: animals.
9. light energy
a)
Carbon dioxide + water Glucose+ Oxygen
b) 1. It makes all the food, and is the basis of all the food chains
2. It makes all the oxygen in the atmosphere. 10.
a) Although glucose is the immediate product of photosynthesis, it is rapidly polymerised to form starch. Therefore, starch is found in large quantities in a photosynthesising leaf, but very little glucose could be detected.
b) First the leaf is boiled, then washed in hot alcohol to decolourise it, so colour tests can be seen. Then it can be soaked in iodine solution to test for starch. A black colour indicates the presence of starch.
11.
Palisade layer: composed of cells neatly and tightly packed together under the upper epidermis where there is maximum light. Each cell is packed with chloroplasts. These features all help the palisade layer carry out maximum photosynthesis.
Spongy layer: composed of cells that are very loosely packed. This allows spaces for water & gases to more easily diffuse to/from stomates & veins and so helps supply photosynthesising cells. 12.
Grazing herbivores need very long intestines & large caecum, so food has more time in the gut while mutualistic bacteria digest the cellulose. Meat-eating carnivores do not need such long intestines because meat is easier to digest and more nutritious. They have shorter intestines but a stomach that can take in a large meal, less often, and digest the high protein meat.
Nectar feeders (e.g. honey-eater birds) eat a diet high in sugar which needs no digesting at all. They have very simple, short systems since they only need to absorb the sugar into their bloodstream.
Worksheet 7 Animals
a) surface area b) moist
c) blood supply d) diffusion
e) trachea f) bronchi
g) bronchioles h) alveoli
i) simple/ less S.A. j) skin & mouth/throat cavity
k) spiracles l) trachea
m) SA/Vol n) gills
o) filaments p) in opposite direction
q) counter- r) closed
s) heart t) invertebrate
Worksheet 8
Plants
a) stomates b) lenticels
c) root hairs d) water & minerals
e) roots f) leaves
g) transpiration
h)& i) temperature/wind/humidity/light
j) phloem k)translocation
l) the plant must expend energy m) passive
Worksheet 9
1. C 2. A 3. D 4. B
5. Transpiration Translocation
a) water food nutrients (sugar)
b) xylem phloem
c) passive active
6. Respiratory system: carries out gas exchange.
Excretory system: removal of wastes.
Circulatory system: transports substances around the body, including gases and wastes... therefore connects with respiratory and excretory systems.
7.
a) Mammal’s lungs have millions of tiny air sacs (alveoli).
b) Frog has very simple lungs, but increases respiratory surface by using skin, mouth and throat membranes for gas exchange as well. c) Fish’s gills are made up of thousands of leaf- shaped filaments. Each is flat & thin, giving large contact area with water flowing past.
d) Insects have microscopic, branched air tubes (trachea) that penetrate throughout their body. This gives a large area of contact with air for gas exchange.
8.
The main thing is to show that vertebrates have a “closed” system (blood is always inside a blood vessel) while many invertebrates have “open” systems, where the blood leaves blood vessels and “bathes” the cells at some part of the circulation.
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Worksheet 9 (cont)
9.
a) stomates, lenticels & root hairs
b) Root hairs: these microscopic outgrowths from root cells increase the surface area available. This helps gas exchange (as well as water absorption).
10.
Chemicals containing radio-active “tracers” are introduced into living things, and any movement is tracked by detecting the radiation produced
by the radio-isotope. For example, CO2 gas,
containing radio-active carbon-14, is absorbed by a plant leaf, converted to sugar and transported to storage in the roots. This movement can be studied and tracked by the radiations from the carbon-14.
Worksheet 10
Cell Division
a) growth b) nucleus c) cytokinesis d) is copied/duplicated/replicated e) DNA f) chromosomes g) dissolves h) line up i) spindle j) nucleus k) identical l) parent
m) mitochondria & chloroplast
n) meristems o) root tips
p) shoot tips (buds) q) larva
r) enlargement s) division
t) metamorphosis u) break down / change
v) disks
Worksheet 11
1. C 2.
• Genetic information (DNA) is replicated. • Chromosomes become visible in the nucleus. Nuclear membrane dissolves.
• Chromosomes line up in centre of cell. Spindle forms. • Chromosomes pulled apart into 2 identical groups. • Each group forms a new, identical nucleus. • Cytokinesis now divides the cytoplasm & organelles into 2 separate cells.
3.
a) “Meristems” located at root tips, buds and cambium.
b) Plants grow only at the meristems, and usually grow dis-proportionally in different parts of their body. This means they may drastically change their shape & proportions as they grow. In contrast, mammals grow fairly evenly in every body part and stay more or less in proportion all their life.
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