CAPP (Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers), 2011 “Crude Oil—Forecast, Markets &
[1]
Pipelines” http://www.capp.ca/getdoc.aspx?DocId=190838
US DOT PHMSA (U.S. Department of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Ad-[2]
ministration) 2010 “ Glossary of Terms”, http://208.109.252.161/residents-businesses/glossary/
U.S. Department of Transportation 2012 “Code of Federal Regulation (USDOT CFR) Title 49, Part [3]
195— Transportation of Hazardous Liquids by Pipelines”
U.S. Department of Transportation 2012 “Code of Federal Regulation (USDOT CFR) Title 49, Part [4]
192— Transportation of Natural and Other Gas By Pipelines: Minimum Federal Safety Standards”
645
index
Page numbers followed by f and t indicate figures and tables, respectively.
A
Aboveground storage tanks (AST), 415
cathodic protection of. See Cathodic protection (CP) system
failures of, 520–527 combustible vapors,
525–526
inspection/maintenance/
repair practices, 524 past accidents, 523–524, 525 tank design and, 524 regulations, 450–452 total losses from, 491–499 Absolute viscosity, 45, 49, 50 Access hatch, EFRT deck
fi tting, 438 Accuracy, 362, 363
leak detection system, 575 ACI. See American Concrete
Institute (ACI) Acoustic/negative pressure
wave technique, 582–583 Acoustic sensing device, 577 Acoustic speed, 222, 223t Actual leak, 573
AESOP correlation, 594 drag reduction factor, 595 AFFF. See Aqueous Film
F orming Foams (AFFF) Affinity laws, 184–185, 184f Air film coefficient, 145, 146,
147 Alarm log, 571 Alarms
analogue, 564 bunding, 472 discrete, 565
displays, features/qualities of, 585
emergency, 564 levels, 564
message, 566, 585 for overflow spill, 502 and SCADA system, 564–566 warning, 564
Aluminum-indium anode, 516 American Concrete Institute
(ACI)
storage tank standards, 450 American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) storage tank standards, 449 American National Standards
Institute/American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 403 American Petroleum Institute
(API)
CP system standards, 519–520 leak detection standards, 574 publications, 573
petroleum storage tanks, 447
recommended practices, 555 petroleum storage tanks,
446
storage tank standards, 446 American Petroleum Institute
(API) standards, 400–403 American Society for Testing
and Materials (ASTM) storage tank standards, 449 American Society of
Mechani-cal Engineers (ASME) storage tank standards, 449 American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME) Code for Pressure Piping, 16 American Standard for Testing
Materials (ASTM Inter-national) standards, 403 Analogue alarms, 564
Analogue data points, 562 Andrade correlation, 50
Anode
as component of corrosion cell, 504
types, 515–516
ANSI. See American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
AP-42, EPA document, 490–491 API. See American Petroleum
Institute (API) API-651, 519 API 653, 467–468 API 1130, 574
CPM methodologies, 579 API 1155, 574
API 610 end suction pump, 161f API gravity, 71, 297
API Publication 1130, 573 API Publication 1149, 573 Apparent viscosity, 46 Apportionment calculation,
264–265
Aqueous Film Forming Foams (AFFF), 503, 540–541, 546
Archived data and SCADA system, 563–564 Arco correlation, 42 Arctic pipeline, 119–120 ASME. See American Society
of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
Asphaltene dispersion method, 312
Association of Composite Tanks
storage tank standards, 450 AST. See Aboveground storage
tanks (AST)
ASTM. See American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
ASTM method, 50, 51, 53
Atmospheric tanks, 415, 527 design/safety standards, 530 fixed roof, 416–419
cone-roof, 417–418 geodesic dome-roof tanks,
418–419
steel dome roof tanks, 417–418
umbrella roof, 417, 418 floating roof, 419–426
external, 420–424. See also External floating roof tanks (EFRT)
internal, 424–426. See also Internal floating roof tank (IFRT)
safety issues, 530
Automated pipeline stations, 206
Automated system control, 203 Automatic batch launchers, 220 Automatic tank gauge (ATG),
356
Auxiliary systems, station, 213–214
Availability, redundant SCADA system, 559
Aviation fuels, properties, 413 Axial flow, 169
Axial strain, 155 Axial stress, 155 B
Back pressure, 362 Back-pressure valves, 378 Ball valves, 26
Barlow’s formula, 91 Base density, 398 Base loading, 190, 205 Batch
cycle, 219, 250, 250f defined, 249
injection/transportation/
deliver y, 252–253, 253f movement, 244, 327–328,
328f
and pressure behaviors, 243f
reporting, 253
sequencing, 249–250, 250f size, 278, 278f
minimum, 253–254, 254t
slug, 250, 250f
tracking, 276–278, 277f volumes, 277
Batched liquid quality specifica-tion, 249t
Batched pipeline systems with constant speed pumps,
188–189, 188f, 189f with variable speed pumps,
189
Batched product pipeline, 246f growth and technique,
247–248, 247f, 248f operational hydraulics, 270f operation and control, 262,
263f
capacity calculations, 264 pipeline supply scheduling,
265–267, 265f
proration/capacity matching/
apportionment, 264–265 ratability, 264
shipper nominations, 262 scheduling, 248f
Batching travel time, 251 Batch interface, 270
detection, 220
marking and detection, 251–252, 252t Batch meter, 392, 392f
Batch operation, 242–243, 243f Batch operation in real-time,
274
batch tracking, 276–278, 277f launch and delivery
(of batch), 275, 275f flow meters and volume
accumulators, 276 on-line densitometers, 275 operations, 276
Batch pipeline hydraulics desig n, 120–122, 122f Batch planning schedule, 265f,
266 Baumé, A., 43
Bayesian inference technique, 583–584
Bayes’ rule, 583 Beal’s equation, 302 Benedict, Webb, Rubin and
Starling (BWRS) e quation, 35–36
BEP. See Best efficiency point (BEP)
Best efficiency point (BEP), 165, 171, 180, 195, 209, 605
Bias error, 363
Bi-directional provers, 388, 388f, 389f
Binary points, 562
Bingham plastic, 46, 130, 134 Bi-rotor meter, 367–368, 368f Bitumen, 295, 298
diluent blend, 47, 47f regional distribution of, 299f Bitumen recovery/extraction
techniques
cyclic steam stimulation (CSS), 338
gas-cap reservoir, 342, 344f primary recovery, 336 production techniques,
339–342, 340f
saturated oil reservoir, 342, 344f
secondary recovery, 336 surface mining, 338 tertiary recovery, 336 under-saturated oil reservoir,
342, 344f Black oils, 300
BLEVE. See Boiling Liqui d E xpanding Vapor E xplosion (BLEVE) Block valve stations, 105,
109
Boiling Liquid Expandin g V apor Explosion (BLEVE), 532 Boiling point, liquid
hydrocarbon s property, 414
Bottom-Center differential s ettlement, 468 Bottom-Edge differential
s ettlement, 468 Bottom plate joints, 481–482 Boundary conditions, 69 Boundary layer thickness, 371 Break-out operation, 599–600 Breakout tanks, 5, 252 Breathing loss, calculation,
491–492
Bubble point, 33, 33f, 300 Buffers, 250–251, 413 Bulk equation of state, 36 Bulk modulus, 36, 39–40, 39t,
40f, 88
calculation of, 41–42 of elasticity, 38
Bullets, high-pressure storage tanks, 427
Buncefield fire, 409
Bunded oil storage tanks, 471 BundGuard, 472
Bunding, 407, 471–474 construction, 472–473 failures, 473–474
holding capacity/alarm, 472 Burger, DRA correlation, 595 Bursting disc, 287, 287f Business information, pipeline
system, 553 Butane, properties, 413 Bypass check valve, 290, 290f Bypass valves, 196
C
Cables, fibre optic, 561 Calibration, 365
meter factor and, 396 prover, 390–391, 391f tank, 348–355
Capillary seal positive displace-ment meter, 366
Caragoe equation, 42 Carbon steel, storage tank
m aterial, 465 Cartesian coordinates, 354 Cathode, as component of c orrosion cell, 504 Cathodic protection (CP)
system for AST, 517–519
external, for AST, 517–518 galvanic/sacrificial anode,
514–516
impressed current, 516–517 installation, for AST, 519 internal, for AST, 519 standards, 519–520 for storage tanks, 503–520 types of, 514–517
Cathodic Protection System, NACE, 451
Cavitation, 52, 167, 176–179, 176f, 177f, 178f, 179f, 371
effects of, 179 formation, 178f
Centrifugal pumps. See also Pump selection and s izing
double–case (can) vertically suspended volute pumps, 162–164, 163f
end suction single stage pumps, 161, 161f horizontal axially split
between-bearing single-stage pumps, 161, 162f with impeller, 160f
multi-stage horizontal axially split pump, 161–162, 163f
power and efficiency, 172 vertical in-line single stage
pumps, 161, 162f vs positive displacement
pumps, 160t
Centrifugal pumps, retrofitting affinity laws, 184–185, 184f pipeline throughput
increased, 183–184 reduced, 183 CFR 195, 83
Check valves, 26, 196, 231, 282, 283f, 284f, 285f, 286f
Chemical drag reducers (CDR), 310, 311f
Chiller, 120
Churchill’s formula, 67 Circumferential measurement,
349
Civil design, storage tank, 465–474
bund walls/dikes, 471–474 foundation
overview, 465–468 tank bottom, 470–471 types of, 469–471 Clamp-on flow meters, 372 Closed deck drains, 441 CMB method. See Compensated
mass balance (CMB) method
Codes
for pipeline design, 321–322 and standards (design
p rocess), 83–84
Cold heavy oil production with sand (CHOPS), 339 Cold production, 339, 340f Colebrook-White equation, 66 Column separation, 226–227 Column wells, 443–445 Combustible liquid, 529
transportation, 11
Combustible vapors, 525–526 Command log, 571
Communication log, 571 Communications and oil
movement management, 273–274
Compact soil foundations, 469 Compensated mass balance
(CMB) method, 581 RTTM-based leak detection
methodology vs., 581 Compressibility, 38–39, 38f, 88,
223, 398
Computational pipeline monitorin g (CPM) m ethods, 573, 579–584 acoustic/negative pressure
wave technique, 582–583 advantage of, 579
Bayesian inference technique, 583–584
compensated mass balance, 581 line balance, 580
modified volume balance, 580 pressure/flow monitoring
technique, 582
RTTM-based leak detection methodology, 581–582 volume balance, 580 Concentration, DRA, 593 Concrete ring-wall foundation,
469, 470 Condensate, 32, 315
properties, 413
Cone-roof tanks, 357f, 358f, 359f, 417–418
foam application on, 534–535 foam system for, 540–543 roof outage for, 492 safety issues, 531
Conical bottom tank, 471 Conoco/Simplified Conoco,
DRA correlation, 595 drag reduction factor, 596 Constant speed pumps, 189f,
194f
Contamination level, 255–256 Continuity equation, 64
and volume correction, 71–72 example, 71–72, 71f Continuous proportional
s ampling, 378 Contract, 366
power, 604 Control center
equipments, 556 and SCADA, 554–559 Control devices, 229, 230–231 Controller, defined, 29 Control room, defined, 29 Control valves, 26, 232
and sizing, 197
Conventional oil, defined, 295 Conventional pipe provers,
386–390
bi-directional provers, 388, 388f, 389f
master meter provers, 390 small volume displacement
provers, 388–390, 389f uni-directional prover, 387,
387f
Conventional turbine meter, 369f Core annular flow (CAF),
308–309, 308f, 309 Coriolis mass meters, 377
advantages, 376
density measurement, 375 disadvantages, 376
operating principle, 373–375, 374f, 375f
temperature measurement, 375–376
volume measurement, 376 Correction for effect of pressure
on liquid (CPL), 397 Correction for sediment and
water (CSW), 360 Correction for temperature of
liquid (CTL), 360, 397 Correction for temperature of
shell (CTSh), 360
Corrosion
anodic reaction characteris-tics, 505
cathodic reaction characteris-tics, 505
cell, components of, 504–505 consequences of, 503–506 control, importance of, 504 corrosive environment, 503 defect/voids, 507–508 defined, 503
galvanic, 507
hydrogen attack/damage, 510
locations of, 512 pitting, 508 stress, 508–510 sulfide stress corrosion
c racking, 510, 512 types of, 506–510 uniform, 506–507
Corrosion cell, components of, 504–505
Corrosive environment, 503 Costs
construction, 94
of a leak detection system, 575t
station spacing and pumping, 95
valve-related, 95 water treatment, 501 Courant-Levy condition, 69 Covered floating roof tanks
safety issues, 530–531 CPM methods. See
Computa-tional Pipeline Monitoring (CPM) methods
Cricondenbar, 33, 33f, 34 Cricondentherm, 33, 33f, 34 Critical period, defined, 222 Critical point, 33, 33f
defined, 126
Critical pressure/temperature, 124t
Crude and products characteris-tics (US and Canadian), 13t
Crude oil, 31, 32f, 298, 412 contamination
level of, 255–256 natural crude, 254
synthetic crude oils, 254–255
phase diagram, 300 pipeline (isothermal flow),
99–104 refining, 4 reserves, 336t Crude oil storage tank
welding joints for, 477 Crushed-stone foundations,
469
Cushing Extension, 322f, 323, 329
Custody transfer, 24
metering systems, 365–366 Customer communications,
274
Cyclic steam stimulation (CSS), 338, 343f
D
Darcy friction factor, 153 Darcy-Weisbach equation, 65 Database maintenance log, 571 Data communications, SCADA
systems, 559–561 components of, 559–561. See
also specific components Data management, SCADA
system, 562–564 Data trending, SCADA system
and, 569–570, 586 DCS. See Distributed control
system (DCS) Dead oil, defined, 301 Dead oil-black oil, 342 Deadwood measurement, 349 Decision support information,
pipeline system, 553 Deck drains, EFRT deck fitting,
440–441
Deck legs, float roof, 441 Defect/voids corrosion,
507–508
Degrees API Gravity, 43 Degrees Baume, 43, 44 Delivery point. See Terminal Delivery restriction (zero
d elivery), 332 Demodulation, 559 DENb-base density, 398 Densitometers, 251, 598
Density, 38, 88, 247
changes in batch interface, 270
liquid hydrocarbons property, 414
Derived data, 562 Design flow rate, 101 Design metal temperature
(DMT), 465
Design pressure, 90–91, 91t, 458
Design process
codes and standards, 83–84 hydraulic design procedure,
96–98
operating parameters, 86–87 high viscosity liquids,
87–89
low-viscosity liquids, 87 pipeline route and
e nvironmental issues, 85–86
pipe parameters, 89–90, 90t design pressure, 90–91,
91t
economic factors, 93–94 maximum allowabl e
o perating pressure (MAOP), 91–92, 92f operating parameters, 95 pipe grade/size/wall
t hickness, 94 pipeline route, 94–95 pipe wall thickness, 92–93 pressure-reducing station
(PRS), 95–96 pumping parameters, 93 station spacing and
p umping costs, 95 valve related costs, 95 valve spacing, 95
supply and demand, 84–85, 84f
Detectability, leak detection system, 575
Device degradation, 364 Dew point, 33, 33f Diesel, 246
properties, 413 Dikes. See Bunding
Dilatant fluids (shear thicken-ing), 46
Dilution, 303–304, 304f DilBit (diluted Bitumen) 323,
324, 327
Direct mass flow measurement, 376
Direct measurement devices (energy extractive), 22 Discharge outlets, foam, 538 Discharge set point, 203, 219 Discrete alarms, 565
Discrete data points, 562 Distillate and kerosene, 246 Distributed control system (DCS)
characteristics of, 557–558 vs. SCADA, 557–558 DMT. See Design metal
t emperature (DMT) Domed external floating roof
tanks, 423–424 roof outage for, 492–493 Doppler ultrasonic flow meter,
373
Double case design, 366, 367f Double-case (can) vertically
suspended volute pumps, 162–164, 163f
Downstream effects, as DRA characteristic, 590 Downstream pressures, 72 Down-surge, 221, 320
DRA. See Drag reducing agent (DRA)
Drag reducers, 310, 310f Drag reducing additive (DRA),
277
Drag reducing agent (DRA), 587–596
benefits of, 589–590 characteristics, 590 concentration, 593 correlations, 594–596 design, limitations of, 593–594 effectiveness of, 591
facilities, 590–591 flow rate, 592 injection rate, 594 injection system, 591–593
shut-down procedure, 593 starting procedure, 592 limitations, 593–594 operations, 590–594
limitations, 593–594
overview, 587–588 performance, 590 Drag reduction mechanism,
588–589
Drooping characteristic, 172 Dye interface detector, 275 Dynamic measurement
Coriolis mass meters, 373–376, 374f, 375f custody transfer metering
systems, 365–366 elements of, 361–362 flow meter, 361
meter selection, 376–377 flow computers, 379–380 instrumentation and
a ccessories, 377–378 meter sizing, 377 meter station design, 380,
380f
components of, 381–382, 381f
meter provers, 384–385, 386f meter run, 382–383 positive displacement (PD)
meter, 366–367 bi-rotor meter, 367–368,
368f
rotating vane meter, 367, 367f
prover, types of
calibration of, 390–391, 391f
conventional pipe provers, 386–390, 388f, 389f tank prover, 386
turbine meters, 368–371, 369f ultrasonic meters, 371–373 uncertainty, 362–364, 363f
calibration, 365 device degradation, 364 operational problems, 365 quality of liquid, defined,
364
transducer/transmitter, 365 Dynamic viscosity, defined, 45 E
Economic analysis, pipeline, 93–96
EFRT. See External floating roof tanks (EFRT)
EGW. See Electrogas arc w elding (EGW)
Electrogas arc welding (EGW), 476
Electrolyte, as component of corrosion cell, 504 Electromagnetic sensors, 375 Electronic flow measurement
(EFM), 378
Electro-optical distance r anging method (EODRM), 353–355, 353t, 354f Elevation change (slack flow),
115–119, 115f, 116f, 118f Elevation sensitivity, 147 Emergency alarms, 564 Emergency flow restricting
devices (EFRD), 26 Emergency Operations Center
(EOC), 544–545 Emergency planning, 543–548
for oil spill, 544–548 Emergency shutdown (ESD),
214–215, 239 of pipeline system, 242 Emission, from storage tanks
calculation, 490–500 controlling, 428–435
from fixed roof storage tanks, 491–499
from floating roof storage tanks, 499–500 Emulsified transportation, 307 Enbridge pipeline system, 305,
306f
End suction single stage pumps, 161, 161f
Energy additive, 22 Energy equation, 67–68
and temperature profile c alculation, 75–83, 76f, 78f, 79t, 80f, 81f Energy extractive, 22 Energy saving, 193, 212, 310 Environmental issues, pipeline
route and, 85–86 EOC. See Emergency
Opera-tions Center (EOC) Equal load sharing, 190 Equation of state (EOS), 34, 68 Equivalent length method
( example), 150–151, 151t
Erosion, 148, 371
Erosional velocity (of fluid), 148–149, 149f
Estimated time of arrival (ETA), 220, 277, 278
Ethane pipelines (example), 125–129, 126f, 128f Euler’s number, 49
Evaluation Methodology for Software Based Leak Detection Systems, 574 Evaporation, 53
Explicit methods, 69 External floating roof tanks
(EFRT), 356, 357f, 358f, 359f, 420–424
advantages/disadvantages, 422, 423
components of, 422 domed, 423–424
emissions from, 490, 499–500 fittings, 435, 438–443 External housing, 366
Extra heavy crude oil pipeline (example), 134–136 Extra-heavy oils, 298 F
Fanning friction factor, 67 Fiberglass Petroleum Tank and
Pipe Institute
storage tank standards, 450 Fibre optic cable, 561 Filters, 377–378
Finite difference equations, 69 Fire protection, 409
Fittings
external floating roof tanks, 435, 438–443
internal floating roof tanks, 443–445
Fixed roof tanks, 416–419 cone-roof, 417–418 emissions from, 490 geodesic dome-roof tanks,
418–419
steel dome roof tanks, 417–418
total losses from, 491–499 umbrella roof, 417, 418 Fixed-speed electric motors,
192, 209
“Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code,” NFPA 30, 454
Flammable liquids, 529 Flash point (FPT) of fuel, 55,
528
Flat-bottom tank, 470–471 Flat characteristic, 172 Floating roof, 349
Floating roof adjustment (FRA), 360
Floating roof tanks, 419–426 covered, 530–531
drainage system, problems a ssociated with, 500–501 external, 420–424
advantages/disadvantages, 422, 423
components of, 422 domed, 423–424 emissions from, 490,
499–500
fittings, 435, 438–443 fabrication of, 475–476 geometric parameters, 475 internal, 424–426
advantages of, 424 components of, 425 contact decks in, 425 emissions from, 490, 500 fittings, 443–445 overflow spill, 502–503 and “rim seal” fires, 502 sectional view of, 423 tank rim sealing systems,
428–437
three-dimensional structural view, 474
Flow computers, 379–380 Flow control devices, 279–282,
280f, 281f Flow control valves, 378 Flow improvers (drag reducers),
309, 310f, 311f, 312f Flow measuring devices, 22 Flow meter, 361, 378t
and volume accumulators, 276
Flow range, 376
Flow rate determination, 371 Flow stoppage, 223
Flow transients, 222
Fluid density, 247
Fluid film coefficient, 145, 147 Fluid isobaric specific heat, 144 Fluid physical properties,
57–58, 58t Fluid property, 323
information, 319 prediction method, 35 Fluid(s), classification of, 57–58 Foam application, 534
Foam chambers, and fire p rotection, 539–540 Foam dam design, for storage
tanks, 415 Foam makers, and fire
p rotection, 540 Foam system
for cone-roof tanks, 540–543 discharge outlets, 538 for fire protection of storage
tanks, 537–543 foam chambers, 539–540 foam makers, 540
sub surface base injection, 538–539
and flammable/combustible liquids, 537–538 for oil spill emergency,
545–548 Foamy oil, 339
Format control, SCADA d isplay, 567 Foundation, storage tank
overview, 465–468 types of, 469–471 Fourier’s law, 68, 77 Free water (FW), 360 Freeze scheme, polling, 561 Friction pressure drop, 65, 72,
77
Fuels, aviation, 55 Full stream delivery, 106 Full stream injection, 110 Fungible batch, 249 G
Galvanic anode CP system, 514–516
Galvanic corrosion, 507 Gas-cap reservoir, 342, 344f Gas metal arc welding
(GMAW), 476
Gasoline, 11, 246 properties, 413 Gate valves, 26
Gauge-float, EFRT deck fitting, 438, 439
Gauge-hatch/sample port, EFRT deck fitting, 438, 439 Geodesic dome-roof tanks,
418–419 Globe valves, 26
GMAW. See Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) Grab sampling, 378
Gradual pipe enlargement and reduction, 151–154, 151f, 152t, 153f Gravitational mass, 38 Gravity, liquid hydrocarbons
property, 414
Gross observed volume (GOV), 360
Gross standard volume (GSV), 361, 397, 398
Guide-pole, 442 H
HAZ. See Heat-affected zone (HAZ)
HBPFM. See High Back Pressure Foam Maker (HBPFM) Headers, 381
Health, Safety and Environment (HSE), 409
Heat-affected zone (HAZ), 483–484
Heat balancing mechanism, 76, 76f
Heat capacity of liquid, defined, 55
Heater, 201–202, 201f, 237 Heating, 305–307, 306, 306f Heat resistance, 78, 79 Heat transfer, 89, 144f, 146f Heat transfer coefficient, 78,
81t, 145
Heavy crude pipeline h ydraulic design. See Liquid p ipeline design Heavy crudes properties
designation, 315
grouping of crudes, 315, 315f viscosity of bitumen, 316f
Heavy hydrocarbon products, 32 Heavy oil
extraction/recovery tech-niques, 336–339, 337f, 339f
global distribution, 297–299, 299f
grouping, 300–301, 300f oil reservoir classifications,
342
oil viscosity prediction, 301–302, 301t pipeline transportation
(e xample)
batch movement/transient simulation time, 327–
328, 328f
case study, 322–327, 322f, 324f, 325f, 326f, 327f code requirement, 321–322 role of design, 317–318 simulation, 328–333, 330f,
331f, 332f
surge mitigation methods, 320–321
transient analysis, need for, 318–320
production technique, 339–342, 340f, 341f vs location resources, 343t properties of, 299–302 resources, 333–336, 334f,
336t
global distribution of, 335f technology and
transporta-tion, 295–297, 296f, 297 transportation methods,
302–303
comparative study on, 312–314, 313t, 314f core annular flow (CAF),
308–309, 308f, 309 dilution, 303–304, 304f heating/thermal upgrading,
305–307, 306f slurry transportation
method, 312
surfactants/flow improvers, 309, 310f, 311f, 312f upgrading/partial upgrading
method, 304–305, 304f, 305f
Heavy oil (Cont.)
water emulsion, 307–308, 307f, 308f
types of, 297–299, 298f viscosity-temperature for, 297f Heavy sour crude, 315
Helical turbine meter, 369 HIC. See Hydrogen induced
cracking (HIC)
High back pressure foam maker (HBPFM), 539
High-pressure storage tanks, 427–428
High shrinkage (volatile) oils, 300
High vapor pressure (HVP), 54, 55
pipeline design, 122–125, 124t
example, 125–129, 126f, 128f
High viscosity liquids, 87–89 HMI. See Human machine
interface (HMI)
Holding capacity, bunding, 472 Holding pressure, 203, 218 Hoop stress, 155
Horizontal axially split between-bearing single-stage pumps, 161, 162f Horton sphere, high-pressure storage sphere, 427, 428 Host/master, SCADA system,
556–557, 563 polling and, 561
power optimization system and, 607
pressure/flow monitoring technique, 582 software architecture,
c omponents of, 559 Hot-work safety, OSHA, 527 HSE. See Health, Safety and
Environment (HSE) Human machine interface
(HMI)
and reporting in SCADA system, 566–571 Hydraulic design procedure,
96–98
Hydrocarbon batching, 245–247, 246f
Hydrocarbon liquid pipeline codes, 16t
use of, 1–3, 3f Hydrocarbon liquids
blending and volume s hrinkage, 49–50 condensate, 32 crude oils, 31, 32f
liquid petroleum products, 31–32
and measurement systems, 58, 59, 348
base conditions, 57 fluid physical properties,
57–58, 58t
measurement accuracy, 58–59
phase behavior of, 32–34, 33f bubble point, 33, 33f cricondenbar, 33f, 34 cricondentherm, 33f, 34 critical point, 33, 33f dew point, 33, 33f phase diagram
determina-tion, 34–37, 37f quality lines, 33f, 34 phase change, impact of, 57 positive displacement (PD)
meters, 58
specific heat capacity of, 55–56 turbine meters, 59
Hydrocarbon tankage system, 411, 412
Hydrogen induced cracking (HIC), 510–511 Hydrostatic testing, 92
leak detection technique, 576–577
I
IFRT. See Internal floating roof tank (IFRT)
Impeller, 169 change, 173, 173f
design vs specific speed, 170f diameter, 166
hydraulics, 163 speed, 166
underfiling and overfiling, 174f, 176
volute chipping, 175f, 176 volute inserts, 175f, 176
Implicit methods, 69–70 Impressed current CP system,
516–517 advantages, 516–517 disadvantages, 517 Incipient leaks, 573 Indicated volume (IV), 398 Inertia-free principle, 373 Inertial force, 65
Inertial mass, 38
Inferential measurement devices (energy additive), 23 Information for pipeline
d ynamic assessment. See Transient analysis Injection/delivery station
c ontrol, 208 Injection points, 104
Injection system, DRA, 591–593 shut-down procedure, 593 starting procedure, 592 Inlet fluid temperature, 145 Inlet stations, 104
Insertion flow meters, 372 Inspection methods, for leak
detection, 576–577 Instrumentation, storage tanks,
486, 490 Insulation, 78f, 79, 132
conductivity, 145 Interface detectors, 251 Intermediate hydrocarbon
l iquids, 99
Intermediate pump station, 102, 104
Internal floating roof tank (IFRT), 424–426 advantages of, 424 components of, 425 contact decks in, 425 emissions from, 490, 500 fittings, 443–445 seals for, 435
Internal floating roof (IFR) tanks, 356
Internal pressure (IP) storage tank, 415, 461–462 International Bureau of Legal
Metrology (BIML), 384 International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 403–405
International System (SI) Units, 57, 397
IP. See Internal pressure (IP) Isothermal bulk modulus, 36 Isothermal flow, 73, 75,
99–104 J
Jain’s Approximation, 67 Joint efficiency factor
and shell thickness, 464 Joule Thompson coefficients,
147
Joule-Thomson effect, 67 K
Keystone Pipeline Project (case study), 322, 322f Kinematic viscosity, 49, 305
defined, 50 Kinetic energy, 150 Knot spacing, 328–329 L
Ladder well, 445 Laminar flow, 66
LAN. See Local area network (LAN)
Laser theodolite, 351
Layout, storage tanks, 450–456 Leak detection system, 452,
572–587, 576–584 acoustic, 577
CPM methods, 579–584. See also Computational Pipe-line Monitoring (CPM) methods
effective operation of, 586 implementation of, 576 implementation/operation,
585–587
inspection methods, 576–577 and leakage response, 587 manual, 586
objectives of, 575
optical fiber sensor system, 577
overview, 572–576 performance criteria, 575 selection criteria, 575–576 sensor methods, 577–579 vapor monitoring, 577–579
Leaks, pipeline causes of, 572 defined, 573
external/internal phenomena, 573
mitigation, 573 statistics, 572–573 types of, 573
Lee-Kesler correlation, 56 Legal metrology agency, 366 Lifting, product, 597–598 Lifting station, 240 Light crude oil, 298 Light density hydrocarbon
liquids, 32
Light hydrocarbon liquids, 98 Light sour blend (LSB), 315 Light sour crude, 315 Light sweet crude, 315 Line, metallic, 560 Linearity, 362
Line balance methodology, 580 Line fill of batches, 122f Line packing, 64, 225, 225f,
226f, 332–333
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), 32
Liquid batching transportation.
See also Batch operation in real-time
batched product pipeline (growth and technique), 247–248, 247f, 248f batched products pipeline,
259–260
design and operation, 260 operation and control,
262–267
pipeline system operation/
control, 267–274, 269f, 270f, 270t, 271f, 272f, 273f
crude oil contamination contamination level,
255–256 natural crude, 254 synthetic crude oils,
254–255
hydrocarbon batching, 245–247, 246f
interface-volume estimations, 256–258
batch calculation and track-ing example, 258–259, 259f, 261f
results, 259, 261t, 262t, 263f
liquid pipelines, types of, 245, 246f
minimum batch size, 253–254, 254t
multiproduct pipeline batch optimization, 278, 278f products batching (definitions
and terms), 248–249, 249t
batch cycle/slug, 250, 250f batching reports, 253 batching travel time, 251 batch injection/
transportation/ delivery, 252–253, 253f
batch interface marking and detection, 251–252, 252t
batch sequencing, 249–250, 250f
buffers, 250–251
Liquid calibration of tanks, 355 Liquid columns, 227
Liquid density, defined, 38 Liquid hydrocarbon pipelines
codes, 15, 16t
historical overview of, 12–15, 13t
regulations, 16–22, 17t–21t Liquid hydrocarbons
physical properties of, 414 storage tanks. See Storage
tanks
Liquid hydrocarbons pipeline system definitions (ANSI/
ASME B31.4), 1, 2f Liquid kinetic energy, 160 Liquid measurement system,
purpose of, 347 Liquid petroleum pipeline
networks, 5–11, 6f, 7t, 8f, 9f, 9t, 10f
Liquid petroleum products, 31–32
Liquid pipeline design batch pipeline hydraulics
design
Liquid pipeline design (Cont.) design considerations,
120–121
example, 121–122, 122f crude oil pipeline (isothermal
flow), 99–104
alternative designs, 102–104 elevation change (slack flow), 115–119, 115f, 116f, 118f heavy crude pipeline
hydrau-lic design, 129–130 design facilities, 133–136 extra heavy crude oil
pipe-line (example), 134–136 physical properties,
130–131, 130t
pressure and temperature determination, 131–132 shutdown periods, 132–133 high vapor pressure (HVP)
pipelines, 122–125, 124t examples, 125–129, 126f,
128f
hydraulic studies for, 98 intermediate hydrocarbon
liquids, 99
light hydrocarbon liquids, 98 pipeline
in cold environment, 119–120
configurations, 104–112, 107f, 110f, 112f in hot environment, 119 in parallel, 114–115, 114f in series, 112–114, 112f in severe weather conditions,
119–120
side stream delivery, 105–108, 107f side stream injection,
108–112, 110f Liquid pipeline hydraulics
continuity equation, 64 and volume correction,
71–72, 71f energy equation, 67–68
and temperature profile calculation, 75–83, 76f, 78f, 79t, 80f, 81f equation of state, 68
mass conservation equation, 64
momentum equation, 64–67, 66f
momentum equation and pressure profile calcula-tion, 72–73
examples, 73–75, 74f, 74t, 75f
pipeline flow equations, 63–68
solution methods, 68–69 explicit methods, 69 implicit methods, 69–70 method of characteristics,
69
steady-state solutions and design equations, 70–83 Liquid pipeline operations,
28–29, 28f
Liquid pipeline(s), types of, 245, 246f
Liquid transmission and distri-bution system compo-nents, 3–4, 4f
Liquid volume determination, 396–399
Load factor, 87
Load sharing strategies, 190 Local area network (LAN), 560 Location resources, 343t Log mean temperature, 80 Loss coefficients, 151t, 152t Low shrinkage crude oil, 300 Low-viscosity liquids, 87 M
Magnesium anodes, 515, 516 Magnetic flux, leak detection
technique, 576 Mainline block valves, 329 Management information
s ystem (MIS), 553 Manholes welding, 482 Manifolds, 27, 27f, 275f Manual of Petroleum
Measure-ment Standards (MPMS), 384, 400–403
Manual tank gauging, 355–356, 356f
Manual tank strapping method (MTSM), 348–349 Marine Terminal, 240 Mass, 38
Mass conservation equation, 64 Mass flow measurement, 376 Master meter provers, 390, 391f Master-slave communication
model, 561
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), 528
Matrix inversion software, 70 Maximum allowable
operat-ing pressure (MAOP), 91–92, 92f, 206, 217, 218, 240
Measurement, 22–25. See also Dynamic measurement;
Static measurement;
Tank gauging; Volume accounting system accuracy, 58–59 errors, 363
properties important to, 57–58
ticket, 393
Measurement information, pipe-line system, 552–553 Mechanical design, storage
tank, 461–465 shell thickness, 462–465 tank internal pressure,
461–462 Mechanical energy, 181
Mechanical/metallic rim mounted shoe seal, 431, 433 Medium crude oil, 298 Medium density/mixed light
products, 32 Medium sour crude, 315 Medium sweet crude, 315
products, 32 Medium sour crude, 315 Medium sweet crude, 315