Appendix A
APPENDIX B:
APPENDIX B:
ENDNOTES ENDNOTES
1
1 Debbie Debbie DeGroff,DeGroff, Children’s Literature Analyst, M.O.M. and Theresa McElroy, J.D.Children’s Literature Analyst, M.O.M. and Theresa McElroy, J.D.
Candidate 2016, Liberty University School of
Candidate 2016, Liberty University School of Law also contributed to this report.Law also contributed to this report.
2
2 Lena Levine, "Psychosocial Development”Lena Levine, "Psychosocial Development” Planned Planned Parenthood Parenthood NewsNews, 10 (Summer, 10 (Summer 1953).
1953).
3
3 Larry Larry Cuban,Cuban, Sex and School Reform,Sex and School Reform, 6868 PPHIHIDDELTAELTAK K APPANAPPAN319,319, 321321 (December (December 1986).1986).
4
4 Id. Id.
5
5 Id. Id.
6
6 Alfred Alfred Kinsey, Kinsey, et. et. al., al., SSEXUALEXUAL BBEHAVIOR IN THEEHAVIOR IN THE HHUMANUMAN MMALEALE (W.B. Saunders 1948)(W.B. Saunders 1948) (Kinsey,
(Kinsey, Male Male herein); Alfred Kinsey, et. al., S herein); Alfred Kinsey, et. al., SEXUALEXUALBBEHAVIOR IN THEEHAVIOR IN THE HHUMANUMANFFEMALEEMALE (W.B.(W.B.
Saunders 1953) (Kinsey,
Saunders 1953) (Kinsey, Female Female herein). herein).
7
7 Judith Judith Reisman, Reisman, SSTOLENTOLEN HHONORONORSSTOLENTOLEN II NNOCENCE NNOCENCE,, 30-3630-36 (New Revolution Publishers(New Revolution Publishers 2013).
2013).
8
8 Id. Id. at 170-at 170-268. “SIECUS” stands for the Sexuality Information and Education Council of268. “SIECUS” stands for the Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States, which was launched at the Kinsey Institute at Indiana University in 1964 with the United States, which was launched at the Kinsey Institute at Indiana University in 1964 with the objective to teach Kinseyan ideology as sex education in the nation’s schools. Planned the objective to teach Kinseyan ideology as sex education in the nation’s schools. Planned Parenthood’s former medical director Mary Calderone was its early leader, and Playboy has been Parenthood’s former medical director Mary Calderone was its early leader, and Playboy has been a prominent donor.
a prominent donor. Id. Id. at 177. at 177.
9
9 Id. Id. at 136-39 (quoting Kinsey co- at 136-39 (quoting Kinsey co-author Paul Gebhard’s interview on KINSEY’Sauthor Paul Gebhard’s interview on KINSEY’S PAEDOPHILES).
PAEDOPHILES).
10
10 Cuban,Cuban, supra supra note 2, at 321.note 2, at 321.
11
11 The authors are adopting the term “gender uncertainty” to describe the phenomenon ofThe authors are adopting the term “gender uncertainty” to describe the phenomenon of re-defining human sexuality from its created order of male and female to amorphous concepts re-defining human sexuality from its created order of male and female to amorphous concepts that defy definition.
that defy definition.
12
12 U.S. U.S. Department Department of of Education, Education, Office Office for for Civil Civil Rights,Rights, Sexual Harassment: It’s NotSexual Harassment: It’s Not Academic
Academic (2008).(2008).
13
13 U.S. U.S. Department Department of of Education, Education, Office Office for for Civil Civil Rights,Rights, Title IX Resource GuideTitle IX Resource Guide (Apr. (Apr.
2015).
2015).
14
14 Sexual Harassment: It Sexual Harassment: It ’s’s Not Academic, supra Not Academic, supra note 10 at 6. note 10 at 6.
15
15 SeeSee American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Committee on Health Care forAmerican College of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Committee on Health Care for Underserved
Underserved Women, Women, Opinion Opinion No. No. 512:512: Health Health Care Care for for Transgendered Transgendered IndividualsIndividuals at 1 at 1 (December 2011),
(December 2011), http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Committee- http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Committee- Opinions/Committee-on-Health-Care-for-Underserved-Women/Health-Care-for-Transgender-Individuals,
Individuals, discussed discussed infrainfra..
16
16 Id. Id.
17
17 “Hobson’s choice” describes a choice that is really no choice at all. “An a“Hobson’s choice” describes a choice that is really no choice at all. “An a pparently pparently freefree choice when there is no real alternative” or “the necessity of accepting one of two or more choice when there is no real alternative” or “the necessity of accepting one of two or more equally objectionable alternatives.” Merriam
equally objectionable alternatives.” Merriam-Webster online dictionary, http://www.merriam--Webster online dictionary, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hobson's%20choice.
webster.com/dictionary/hobson's%20choice.
18
18 Scientific Scientific studies studies of of children children who who report report experiencing experiencing gender gender dysphoria, dysphoria, which which thethe American Psychiatric Association classifies as “a mental disorder in which a person identifies as American Psychiatric Association classifies as “a mental disorder in which a person identifies as the sex opposite of his or her birth,” have shown that most children no longer experienc the sex opposite of his or her birth,” have shown that most children no longer experience thee the disorder after puberty. Madeleine S.C. Wallien, Ph.D., & Peggy T. Cohen-Kettenis, Ph.D., disorder after puberty. Madeleine S.C. Wallien, Ph.D., & Peggy T. Cohen-Kettenis, Ph.D., Psychosexual
Psychosexual Outcome Outcome of of Gender-Dysphoric Gender-Dysphoric ChildrenChildren, 47 J., 47 J. AAMM.. AACADCAD.. CCHILD ANDHILD AND AADOLESCDOLESC..
P
PSYCHIATRYSYCHIATRY, 1413 (2008)., 1413 (2008).
19
19 Lauretta Lauretta Brown,Brown, Virginia School Board Votes to Teach Seventh Graders About GenderVirginia School Board Votes to Teach Seventh Graders About Gender Identity,
Identity, CNS News.com, July 2, 2015. http://cnsnews.com/news/article/lauretta-brown/virginia-CNS News.com, July 2, 2015. http://cnsnews.com/news/article/lauretta-brown/virginia-school-board-votes-teach-seventh-graders-about-gender-identity.
school-board-votes-teach-seventh-graders-about-gender-identity.
20
20 Id. Id.
21
21 Judith Judith Reisman,Reisman, Condoms never FDA approved for sodomyCondoms never FDA approved for sodomy, WND.com, March 14, 2014., WND.com, March 14, 2014.
http://www.wnd.com/2014/03/condomsneverfdaapprovedforsodomy/print/.
http://www.wnd.com/2014/03/condomsneverfdaapprovedforsodomy/print/.
22
22 Judith Judith A. A. Reisman,Reisman, Crafting Bi/Homosexual YouthCrafting Bi/Homosexual Youth, 14 R , 14 R EGENTEGENTUU NIVERSITY NIVERSITYLLAWAWR R EVIEWEVIEW 283, 325 (2002).
283, 325 (2002).
23
23 Id. Id.
24
24 IILLINOIS COMMLLINOIS COMM’’ N N ONON SSEXEX OOFFENDERSFFENDERS,, R R EPORT OF THEEPORT OF THE IILLINOISLLINOIS CCOMMOMM’’ N N ONON SSEXEX O
OFFENDERS TO THEFFENDERS TO THE 6868THTHGGENERALENERALAASSEMBLY OF THESSEMBLY OF THESSTATE OFTATE OFIILLINOISLLINOIS (1953). (1953).
25
25 Illinois Law Illinois Law Enforcement Enforcement Agency, Agency, Illinois Illinois Uniform Uniform Crime Crime Rates Rates 1960-2012,1960-2012, Disastercenter.com (2013), available at http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/ilcrime.htm (last Disastercenter.com (2013), available at http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/ilcrime.htm (last visited January 16, 2014).
visited January 16, 2014).
26
26 Kinsey,Kinsey, Male, Male, at181. at181.
27
27 Manfred Manfred Guttmacher,Guttmacher, Psychiatrically Psychiatrically Deviated Deviated Sex Sex Offenders, Offenders, Report Report No. No. 99 (Comm. on(Comm. on Forensic Psychiatry of the Grp. for the Advancement of Psychiatry 1950).
Forensic Psychiatry of the Grp. for the Advancement of Psychiatry 1950).
28
28 The The American American Law Law Institute,Institute, Model Model Penal Penal CodeCode,, Tentative Draft No. 4, “Tentative Draft No. 4, “207.1” Sex207.1” Sex Offenses, April 25, 1955 n. 99, p. 252.
Offenses, April 25, 1955 n. 99, p. 252.
29
29 Dr. Dr. Ralph Ralph Slovenko Slovenko & & Cyril Cyril Phillips, Phillips, Psychosexuality Psychosexuality and and the the Criminal Criminal Law, Law, 15 15 VVANDAND..
L.
L. R R EVEV. 797, 809 (1962).. 797, 809 (1962).
30
30 Note,Note, Pedophilia, Exhibitionism an Pedophilia, Exhibitionism and Voyeurism: Legd Voyeurism: Legal Problems in al Problems in the Deviant the Deviant SocietySociety,, 4 G
4 GAA.. L.L. R R EVEV. 149, 150 (1969).. 149, 150 (1969).
31
31 C. C. Nemeth,Nemeth, How How New New Jersey Jersey Prosecutors Prosecutors View View the the New New Sexual Sexual Offense Offense StatutesStatutes, , NNEWEW
JJERSEYERSEYL.J. 6 (May 5, 1983) (emphasis added).L.J. 6 (May 5, 1983) (emphasis added).
32
32 Model Penal Code Model Penal Code at §43.02. at §43.02.
33
33 William William N. N. Eskridge, Eskridge, Jr., Jr., DDISHONORABLEISHONORABLE PPASSIONSASSIONS:: SSODOMYODOMY LLAWSAWS II N N AAMERICAMERICA 1861- 1861-2003, 124, 388-407 (2008).
2003, 124, 388-407 (2008).
34
34 http://www.acpeds.org/p-for-pedophile.http://www.acpeds.org/p-for-pedophile.
35
35 SeeSee lgbt History lgbt History Month, October: Month, October: 31 days, 31 days, 31 icons: Al31 icons: Alfred Kinsey, fred Kinsey, sex researcher,sex researcher, http://lgbthistorymonth.com/alfred-kinsey.
http://lgbthistorymonth.com/alfred-kinsey.
36
36 Kinsey,Kinsey, Male Male; Kinsey,; Kinsey, Female Female (1953). (1953).
37
37 Male Male, at 175-80., at 175-80.
38
38 Id. Id. at 638-39.at 638-39.
39
39 Leah Leah Cahan Cahan Schaefer Schaefer & & Connie Connie Christine Christine Wheeler,Wheeler, Harry Harry BeBenjamin’s First Ten Casesnjamin’s First Ten Cases (1938-1953): A Clinical Historical Note
(1938-1953): A Clinical Historical Note, 24 A, 24 ARCHIVES OFRCHIVES OFSSEXUALEXUALBBEHAVIOR EHAVIOR 73, 74 (1995). 73, 74 (1995).
40
40 D. D. O. O. Cauldwell, Cauldwell, M.D.,M.D., Psychopathia Transexualis, Psychopathia Transexualis, 16 S16 SEXOLOGYEXOLOGY 274 (1949).274 (1949).
41
41 SeeSee Hare v. Hare v. State, Dep’t State, Dep’t of Human of Human ServsServs., 666 N.W.2d 427, 432 (Minn. Ct. App. 2003),., 666 N.W.2d 427, 432 (Minn. Ct. App. 2003), in which the Minnesota Department of Human Services cited to the Benjamin standards as in which the Minnesota Department of Human Services cited to the Benjamin standards as authority for defining the term “gender reassignment.”
authority for defining the term “gender reassignment.”
42
42 Schaefer Schaefer & & Wheeler,Wheeler, supra supra, note 31, at 74., note 31, at 74.
43
43 Rene Rene Guyon, Guyon, TTHEHEEETHICSTHICSOOFFSSEXUALEXUALAACTSCTS (Second Printing, Alfred A. Knopf, 1948). (Second Printing, Alfred A. Knopf, 1948).
44
44 Harry Harry Benjamin, Benjamin, M.D.,M.D., Introduction to the Second Printing, id. Introduction to the Second Printing, id. at a, b. at a, b.
45
45 Id. Id. at i.at i.
46
46 Id. Id. at j.at j.
47
47 Guyon,Guyon, id.id. at 44, 54. at 44, 54.
48
48 Id., Id., at 52. at 52.
49
49 Schaefer Schaefer & & Wheeler,Wheeler, supra supra, note 31, at 74., note 31, at 74.
50
50 Harry Harry Benjamin, Benjamin, M.D.,M.D., 7 Kinds of Sex7 Kinds of Sex. 27 S. 27 SEXOLOGYEXOLOGY:: SSEXEX SSCIENCECIENCE IILLUSTRATEDLLUSTRATED 436,436, 437 (Feb. 1961).
437 (Feb. 1961).
51
51 Id. Id. at 438at 438..
52
52 Id. Id. at 440. at 440.
53
53 Id. Id. at 441at 441..
54
54 Harry Harry Benjamin, Benjamin, M.D., M.D., TTHEHETTRANSSEXUALRANSSEXUALPPHENOMENONHENOMENON, , 48 48 (1966)(1966)
55
55 Harry Harry Benjamin Benjamin and and R.E.L. R.E.L. Masters,Masters, Prostitution and Prostitution and Morality, Souvenir Morality, Souvenir Press, London,Press, London, 165
165..
56
56 Schaefer Schaefer & & Wheeler,Wheeler, supra supra, note 31, at 91., note 31, at 91.
57
57 World World Net Net Daily,Daily, When Sex Changes Are InvoluntaryWhen Sex Changes Are Involuntary, November 17, 2001,, November 17, 2001, http://www.wnd.com/2001/11/11692.
http://www.wnd.com/2001/11/11692.
58
58 Id., Id., citingciting The New Zealand Edge,The New Zealand Edge, 2001 2001
59
59 John John Colapinto, Colapinto, AASS N NATUREATUREMMADEADEHHIMIM, 25 (Harper Collins 2000)., 25 (Harper Collins 2000).
60
60 When Sex Changes Are Involuntary, supra,When Sex Changes Are Involuntary, supra, note 54. note 54.
61
61 Colapinto, supraColapinto, supra note 56, at 25.note 56, at 25.
62
62 When Sex Changes Are Involuntary, supra,When Sex Changes Are Involuntary, supra, note 54. note 54.
63
63 John John Money,Money, Gender Role, Gender Identity, Core Gender Identity: Usage and DefinitionGender Role, Gender Identity, Core Gender Identity: Usage and Definition of Terms
of Terms, J, JOURNALOURNALOOFFTTHEHEAAMERICANMERICANAACADEMYCADEMYOOFFPPSYCHOANALYSISSYCHOANALYSIS 397, 398 (1973). 397, 398 (1973).
64
64 Id. Id.
65
65 Id. Id.
66
66 Id. Id.
67
67 Id. Id. at at 398-99, 398-99, citing citing John John Money, Money, ed. ed. SSEXEX R R ESEARCHESEARCH R R ECENTECENT DDEVELOPMENTSEVELOPMENTS (Holt, (Holt, Rinehart & Winston 1965).
Rinehart & Winston 1965).
68
68 “Intersex” or “hermaphrodite” individuals are those who are born with both ovarian and“Intersex” or “hermaphrodite” individuals are those who are born with both ovarian and testicular tissues and so have ambiguous genitalia. Ida Dox, Biagio Melloni & Gilbert Eisner, testicular tissues and so have ambiguous genitalia. Ida Dox, Biagio Melloni & Gilbert Eisner, M
MELLONIELLONI’’SSIILLUSTRATEDLLUSTRATEDMMEDICALEDICALDDICTIONARYICTIONARY, 199 (Williams & Wilkins 1979)., 199 (Williams & Wilkins 1979).
69
69 Colapinto, supraColapinto, supra note 56, at 31-32. note 56, at 31-32.
70
70 Id. Id. at 33-34.at 33-34.
71
71 Id. Id. at 34. at 34.
72
72 Transcript, Transcript, NOVA,NOVA, Sex Sex Unknown,Unknown, PBS PBS October October 30, 30, 2001,2001, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2813gender.html.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2813gender.html.
73
73 Id. Id. at 3. at 3.
74
74 Id. Id.
75
75 Id. Id.
76
76 Colapinto, supraColapinto, supra note 56, at 49-64. note 56, at 49-64.
77
77 Id. Id.
78
78 Id. Id.
79
79 Id. Id.at 50.at 50.
80
80 Id. Id. at 52-53.at 52-53.
81
81 Id. Id. at 84-87. at 84-87.
82
82 Id. Id.
83
83 Id. Id.
84
84 Id. Id. at 87.at 87.
85
85 Id. Id.
86
86 Id. Id. at 86. at 86.
87
87 Id. Id. at 180-95.at 180-95.
88
88 Gina Gina Loudon,Loudon, The Dark, Untold Story of Transgenderism,The Dark, Untold Story of Transgenderism, WWORLDORLD N NETET DAILY,DAILY, June 5,June 5, 2015,
2015, http://www.wnd.com/2015/06/untolddarkstoryoftransgenderism/print/http://www.wnd.com/2015/06/untolddarkstoryoftransgenderism/print/
89
89 Colapinto, supraColapinto, supra note 56 at 107,(citing glowing article in the note 56 at 107,(citing glowing article in the New Y New York Times ork Times Review ofReview of Books
Books in 1975), 205-07; in 1975), 205-07; See also,See also, Claudia Winkler,Claudia Winkler, Boy Boy Interrupted Interrupted , , TTHEHE WWEEKLYEEKLY SSTANDARDTANDARD,, 31, 34 (June 19, 2000).
31, 34 (June 19, 2000).
90
90 Colapinto, supraColapinto, supra note 56, at 86. note 56, at 86.
91
91 Sexes: Sexes: Attacking Attacking the the Last Last Taboo,Taboo, Time, Time, April April 14, 14, 1980,1980, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,923966,00.html.
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,923966,00.html.
92
92 Joseph Joseph Geraci Geraci & & Donald Donald Mader,Mader, Interview: Interview: John John Money,Money, 2 2 PPAIDIKAAIDIKA,, TTHEHE JJOURNAL OFOURNAL OF
P
PAEDOPHILIAAEDOPHILIA, 5 (Spring 1991) (emphasis added)., 5 (Spring 1991) (emphasis added).
93
93 Id. Id. at 13.at 13.
94
94 Id. Id.
95
95 Id. Id. at 12. at 12.
96
96 Elizabeth Hall, New Elizabeth Hall, New Directions Directions for for the the Kinsey Kinsey Institute,Institute, PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY TTODAYODAY, 33,34, 33,34 (June 1986).
(June 1986).
97
97 Id. Id.
98
98 Id. Id.
99
99 Id. Id. at 34-35. at 34-35.
100
100 L.F. Doherty, et. al., In Utero Exposure L.F. Doherty,et. al., In Utero Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) or Bisphenol-A (BPA)to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) or Bisphenol-A (BPA) Increases
Increases EZH2 EZH2 Expression Expression in in the the Mammary Mammary Gland: Gland: An An Epigenetic Epigenetic Mechanism Mechanism LinkingLinking Endocrine
Endocrine Disruptors Disruptors to to Breast Breast Cancer Cancer . . 1 1 HHORMONESORMONES && CCANCER ANCER , 146, 146 – – 55 (2010),55 (2010), http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3140020.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3140020.
101
101 Walt Walt Heyer, Heyer, PPAPERAPER GGENDERSENDERS,, 17-1817-18 (Make Waves Publishing, 2011). Heyer is an(Make Waves Publishing, 2011). Heyer is an example of the
example of the childhood trauma crechildhood trauma creating anxiety and GIating anxiety and GID scenarios disD scenarios discussed by Zucker cussed by Zucker andand Bradley, having been traumatized by his grandmother dressing him in girl’s clothing and Bradley, having been traumatized by his grandmother dressing him in girl’s clothing and communicating acceptance only when he appeared to be a girl.
communicating acceptance only when he appeared to be a girl. Id. Id.
102
102 Id. Id.
103
103 When Sex Changes Are Involuntary, supra,When Sex Changes Are Involuntary, supra, note 54, citing note 54, citing The New Zealand Edge,The New Zealand Edge, 2001; 2001;
see also,
see also, NOVA, NOVA, Sex Unknown, Sex Unknown, at 8. at 8.
104
104 When Sex Changes Are Involuntary, supra,When Sex Changes Are Involuntary, supra, note 54, citing note 54, citing The New Zealand Edge,The New Zealand Edge, 2001. 2001.
105
105 Id. Id. at 20.at 20.
106
106 Hare, Hare, 666 N.W.2d at 432.666 N.W.2d at 432.
107
107 See e.g., Milton Diamond, Ph.D. & H. Keith Sigmundson, M.D.,See e.g., Milton Diamond, Ph.D. & H. Keith Sigmundson, M.D., Sex Reassignment atSex Reassignment at Birth:
Birth: A A Long Long Term Term Review Review and and Clinical Clinical ImplicationsImplications, 151 A, 151 ARCHIVES OFRCHIVES OF PPEDIATRICS ANDEDIATRICS AND
A
ADOLESCENTDOLESCENTMMEDICINEEDICINE298 (1997) (raising questions about Mone298 (1997) (raising questions about Money’s work in Reimer case); Pauly’s work in Reimer case); Paul R. McHugh,
R. McHugh, Transgender Surgery Isn’t the Solution,Transgender Surgery Isn’t the Solution, WWALLALL SSTREETTREET JJOURNALOURNAL,, June 12, 2014,June 12, 2014, http://www.wsj.com/articles/paul-mchugh-transgender-surgery-isnt-the-solution-1402615120 http://www.wsj.com/articles/paul-mchugh-transgender-surgery-isnt-the-solution-1402615120 (describing why he closed the clinic started by Money).
(describing why he closed the clinic started by Money).
108
108 McHugh,McHugh, Transgender Surgery Isn’t the Solution.Transgender Surgery Isn’t the Solution.
109
109 Paul Paul R. R. McHugh,McHugh, Transgenderism: A Pathogenic MemeTransgenderism: A Pathogenic Meme, , PPUBLICUBLIC DDISCOURSEISCOURSE, June 13,, June 13, 2015, http://www.thepublicdiscourse.com/2015/06/15145/.
2015, http://www.thepublicdiscourse.com/2015/06/15145/.
110
110 McHugh,McHugh, Transgender Surgery Isn’t the Solution.Transgender Surgery Isn’t the Solution.
111
111 Paul Paul R. R. McHugh,McHugh, Surgical Sex Why We Stopped Doing Sex Change Operations,Surgical Sex Why We Stopped Doing Sex Change Operations, FFIRSTIRST T
THINGSHINGS (November 2004), (November 2004), http://www.firstthingshttp://www.firstthings.com/article/2004/11/surgicalsex..com/article/2004/11/surgicalsex.
112
112 Id. Id.
113
113 Id. Id.
114
114 Id. Id.
115
115 Id. Id.
116
116 Id. Id.
117
117 Id. Id.
118
118 Id. Id.
119
119 Id. Id.
120
120 Id. Id.
121
121 Id. Id.
122
122 Id. Id.
123
123 Jeffrey Jeffrey Satinover, Satinover, M.D. M.D. HHOMOSEXUALITY AND THEOMOSEXUALITY AND THE PPOLITICS OFOLITICS OF TTRUTHRUTH, 113-17 (Baker, 113-17 (Baker Books, 1996), citing W. Byne and B. Parsons
Books, 1996), citing W. Byne and B. Parsons , Human Sexual Orientation: The Biologic Theories , Human Sexual Orientation: The Biologic Theories Reappraised
Reappraised ,, AARCHIVES OFRCHIVES OFGGENERALENERALPPSYCHIATRYSYCHIATRY, 50, no. 3, at 228-39., 50, no. 3, at 228-39.
124
124 Richard Richard P. P. Fitzgibbons, Fitzgibbons, M.D.M.D. et. al., The Psychopathology of “Sex Reassignment”et. al., The Psychopathology of “Sex Reassignment”
Surgery Assessing Its Medical, Psychological, and Ethical Appropriateness
Surgery Assessing Its Medical, Psychological, and Ethical Appropriateness, , TTHEHE N NATIONALATIONAL C
CATHOLICATHOLIC BBIOETHICSIOETHICS QQUARTERLYUARTERLY, 97, 103 (Spring 2009): There is no scientific evidence to, 97, 103 (Spring 2009): There is no scientific evidence to support the conclusion that gender identity disorder is biological in
support the conclusion that gender identity disorder is biological in origin.origin.
125
125 Id. Id.
126
126 Id. Id. at 118. at 118.
127
127 Miriam Miriam Grossman, Grossman, M.D., M.D., YYOUOU’’RERETTEACHING MYEACHING MYCCHILDHILDWWHATHAT? 163-66 (Regnery 2009).? 163-66 (Regnery 2009).
128
128 Id. Id. at 164.at 164.
129
129 Id. Id., citing Larry Cahill,, citing Larry Cahill, Why Sex Matters for NeuroscienceWhy Sex Matters for Neuroscience, , 7 7 NNATUREATURE R R EVIEWSEVIEWS N
NEUROSCIENCEEUROSCIENCE,, 477-84 (2006).477-84 (2006).
130
130 Id. Id. at 165. at 165.
131
131 Id. Id.
132
132 Id. Id. at 168.at 168.
133
133 Fitzgibbons at Fitzgibbons at 103,103, citing Kenneth J. Zucker and Susan J. Bradley, Gciting Kenneth J. Zucker and Susan J. Bradley, GENDERENDER IIDENTITYDENTITY D
DISORDER ANDISORDER AND PPSYCHOSEXUALSYCHOSEXUAL PPROBLEMS INROBLEMS IN CCHILDREN ANDHILDREN AND AADOLESCENTSDOLESCENTS,, 262262 – – 263263 (New(New York: Guildfor
York: Guildford Press, d Press, 1995) and 1995) and Susan Bradley, ASusan Bradley, AFFECTFFECTR R EGULATION AND THEEGULATION AND THE DDEVELOPMENTEVELOPMENT
OF
OFPPSYCHOPATHOLOGYSYCHOPATHOLOGY, 201 (New York: Guilford Press 2003)., 201 (New York: Guilford Press 2003).
134
134 Id. Id. at 104.at 104.
135
135 Id. Id. at 113. at 113.
136
136 Id Id . at 106. at 106 , , citing Kenneth J. Zucker citing Kenneth J. Zucker et al et al .,., Psychopathology Psychopathology in in the the Parents Parents of of Boys withBoys with Gender Identity Disorder,
Gender Identity Disorder, 42.1 J 42.1 JOURNAL OF THEOURNAL OF THE AAMERICANMERICAN AACADEMY OFCADEMY OF CCHILD ANDHILD AND
A
ADOLESCENTDOLESCENTPPSYCHIATRYSYCHIATRY22 – – 4. (January 2003).4. (January 2003).
137
137 Id Id . at 114.. at 114.
138
138 Id. Id. at at 107, citing 107, citing Zucker, GZucker, GENDERENDERIIDENTITYDENTITYDDISORDER ISORDER ,, at 282.at 282.
139
139 Id. Id. at 118. at 118.
140
140 Id. Id.
141
141 Henk Henk Asscheman,Asscheman, et. al., A long-term follow-up study of mortality in transsexualset. al., A long-term follow-up study of mortality in transsexuals receiving treatment with cross-sex hormones,
receiving treatment with cross-sex hormones, 164164 EEUROPEANUROPEANJJOURNAL OFOURNAL OF EE NDOCRINOLOGY NDOCRINOLOGY, 635, 635 (2011).
(2011).
142
142 Id. Id.
143
143 Cecilia Cecilia Dhejne,Dhejne, et. al. Long-Term Follow-Up of Transsexual Persons Undergoing Sexet. al. Long-Term Follow-Up of Transsexual Persons Undergoing Sex Reassignment
Reassignment Surgery: Surgery: Cohort Cohort Study Study in in SwedenSweden, , 6 6 PLoS PLoS ONE ONE e16885.e16885.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016885.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016885.
144
144 Id. Id. at 6at 6
145
145 Id. Id.
146
146 Id. Id.
147
147 McHugh,McHugh, Transgender Surgery Isn’t the Solution.Transgender Surgery Isn’t the Solution.
148
148 Ritch Ritch C. C. Savin-Williams Savin-Williams & & Kara Kara Joyner,Joyner, The Dubious Assessment of Gay, Lesbian, andThe Dubious Assessment of Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Adolescents of Add Health
Bisexual Adolescents of Add Health, 43 A, 43 ARCHRCHSSEXEXBBEHAVEHAV. 413 (2014).. 413 (2014).
149
149 Id. Id. at 418.at 418.
150
150 Id. Id. at 420.at 420.
151
151 Id. Id.
152
152 McHugh,McHugh, Transgender Surgery Isn’t the SolutionTransgender Surgery Isn’t the Solution..
153
153 Grossman, YGrossman, YOUOU’’RERETTEACHINGEACHINGMMYYCCHILDHILDWWHATHAT?, 165-68.?, 165-68.
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154 American American College College of of Obstetrics Obstetrics and and Gynecology, Gynecology, Committee Committee on on Health Health Care Care forfor Underserved
Underserved Women, Women, Opinion Opinion No. No. 512:512: Health Health Care Care for for Transgendered Transgendered IndividualsIndividuals at 1 at 1 (December 2011),
(December 2011), http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Committee- http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Committee- Opinions/Committee-on-Health-Care-for-Underserved-Women/Health-Care-for-Transgender-Individuals.
Individuals.
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155 U.S. U.S. Department Department of of Justice, Justice, Office Office for for Victims Victims of of Crime,Crime, Responding Responding to to TransgenderTransgender
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Victims of Sexual Assault, Language, June June 2014,2014, http://www.ovc.gov/pubs/forge/about_language.html#transgender.