Thisalgorithmcanbe usedtogenerateanessentially uniqueobjectID(OID)for CMRobjectsandfor presentationobjects.Thisalgorithm isownedandmanaged bytheAFPConsortium.All componentsthatfollowthefirstfour components(that is, thoseafter 1.2.208.171)aremanagedbytheAFPConsortium.
Pattern
TheOID consistsofaseedfollowedbyobject-unique components.
Seed Theseedisapredefined constantthathasfivecomponentsdefinedas follows:
1. ISO,value =1
2. Memberbody,value=2 3. Denmark,value=208
4. AFPColorConsortium,value=171 5. OIDalgorithm,value=1
Therefore,aseedfora datastreamobjectOIDtakes thefollowingform:
1.2.208.171.1 Object-uniquecomponents
Two object-uniquecomponentsarepredefined, asfollows:
1. MD5fingerprint,a 16-bytehexadecimal valueinthehuman-readable formoftheOID.Thisisachecksumcalculatedfromtheentireobject (instreamformat;thatis, afteranyenvironment-specificencapsulation orblockinghasbeenremoved).ThealgorithmistheRSAData Security, Inc.MD5Message-DigestAlgorithmdescribedinRFC1321.This algorithmclaims tobeuniquetoa1 in2⁶⁴probability, giventwo differentbytestringsofindependent size.
2. Sizeoftheobject,thenumberofbytesintheobject.Thisistheactual sizeoftheobjectafteranyenvironment-specificencapsulation or blockinghasbeenremoved.Thisisavariable-lengthvalue.
Componentgrowth
Becauseallcomponentsexceptthelastcomponentare offixedsize, componentgrowthisminimal.AnOIDcomputed usingthis algorithmis approximately30byteslonginASN.1definiteshortform.Theminimum lengthof anOIDinthisform iscalculated tobe10bytes.
Example
ThisexampleshowsanOID intwousefulforms:
v Human-readableOID:
1.2.208.171.1.X'FFEEDDCCBBAA99887766554433221100'.X'0F4240' v
ASN.1 definiteshortform OID(seetheMixed ObjectDocument Content Architecture(MO:DCA)ReferencefortheOID encoding):
X'061C2A8150812B0183FFEEEEF397BAD4E690F7B395A8C39988A200BD8440'
©CopyrightInfoPrintSolutionsCompany2006,2007 59
Notices
Thefollowingparagraphdoesnotapplyto theUnited Kingdomor anyother country wheresuchprovisionsareinconsistentwithlocallaw:
THECONTRIBUTINGMEMBERSOFTHEAFPCONSORTIUM(AFPC)PROVIDE THISPUBLICATION“ASIS” WITHOUTWARRANTYOFANYKIND,EITHER EXPRESSORIMPLIED,INCLUDING,BUTNOTLIMITED TO,THEIMPLIED WARRANTIESOFNON-INFRINGEMENT,MERCHANTABILITYORFITNESS FORAPARTICULARPURPOSE.Somestatesdo notallowdisclaimerofexpress or impliedwarrantiesincertaintransactions,therefore,thisstatementmaynotapply toyou.
Thisinformationcouldinclude technicalinaccuraciesortypographicalerrors.
Changes areperiodicallymadetotheinformationherein;these changeswillbe incorporatedinneweditionsof thepublication.Contributing Membersofthe AFPCmaymakeimprovements and/orchangesintheproduct(s)describedinthis publication atanytimewithoutnotice.
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TheContributing Membersmayuseordistribute anyoftheinformationyou supplyinanywaytheybelieveappropriatewithoutincurringanyobligationto you.
Anyperformancedatacontained hereinwas determinedinacontrolled
environment.Therefore,theresultsobtained inotheroperatingenvironmentsmay vary significantly.Some measurementsmayhavebeenmadeondevelopment-level systemsandthereisnoguarantee thatthesemeasurementswillbethesameon generallyavailable systems.Furthermore,somemeasurementmayhavebeen estimatedthrough extrapolation.Actualresultsmayvary.Usersof thisdocument shouldverifytheapplicabledatafortheirspecific environment.
Informationconcerningnon-Member productswasobtainedfromthesuppliersof those products,theirpublished announcementsorotherpublicly availablesources.
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Questionsonthecapabilitiesof non-Memberproductsshouldbeaddressedtothe suppliers ofthoseproducts.
All statementsregardingtheAFPCMembers’ futuredirectionorintentare subject tochangeor withdrawalwithoutnotice,andrepresentgoalsandobjectivesonly.
Thisinformationcontainsexamples ofdataandreportsusedindailybusiness operations.Toillustratethemascompletelyaspossible,theexamples includethe namesofindividuals, companies,brands,and products.Allofthesenamesare fictitiousand anysimilaritytothenamesand addressesusedbyanactualbusiness enterpriseisentirelycoincidental.
©CopyrightInfoPrintSolutionsCompany2006,2007 61
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For onlineversions ofthisbook,theContributingMembersauthorizeyouto:
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Transfertheoriginalunalteredcopyofthedocumentationwhenyoutransferthe relatedproduct(whichmaybeeithermachinesyouown,orprograms,ifthe program’slicensetermspermitatransfer).Youmust,atthesametime, destroy allothercopiesofthedocumentation.
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Trademarks
Thesetermsaretrademarksorregisteredtrademarksof RicohCo., Ltd.,inthe UnitedStates, othercountries,or both:
v ACMA
v AdvancedFunctionPresentation v AFP
v AFPColor Consortium
v AFPColor ManagementArchitecture v AFPConsortium
v AFPC v AFPCC
v BarCodeObjectContentArchitecture v BCOCA
v CMOCA
v ColorManagementObjectContentArchitecture v InfoPrint
v IntelligentPrinterDataStream v IPDS
v MixedObjectDocument ContentArchitecture v MO:DCA
v Ricoh
Thesetermsaretrademarksorregisteredtrademarksof InternationalBusiness MachinesCorporationintheUnitedStates,othercountries,orboth:
v IBM v
IBM(logo) v
z/OS
Adobe andPostScriptare eitherregisteredtrademarksortrademarksofAdobe Systems IncorporatedintheUnitedStatesand/or othercountries.
Microsoft andWindowsare trademarksofMicrosoftCorporationin theUnited States, othercountries,orboth.
Other company,product, orservicenamesmaybethetrademarksorservicemarks of others.
Glossary
Thisglossary containstermsthatapplytothe AFParchitecture andalsotermsthatapplyto otherrelatedpresentationarchitectures.
Ifyoudo notfind thetermthatyouarelooking for,pleaserefertotheIBMDictionaryof
Computing,documentnumber ZC20-1699orthe IBMDictionaryofPrinting,documentnumber G544-3973.
Thefollowingdefinitionsareprovidedas
supportinginformationonly,andare notintended tobeusedasasubstituteforthesemantics describedinthebodyofthisreference.
A
ACMA. AFPColorManagementArchitecture.
additiveprimarycolors. Red,green,andbluelight, transmittedinvideomonitorsandtelevisions.When usedinvariousdegreesofintensityandvariation,they createallothercolorsoflight;whensuperimposed equally,theycreatewhite.Contrastwithsubtractive primarycolors.
addressableposition. Apositioninapresentation spaceoronaphysicalmediumthatcanbeidentified byacoordinatefromthecoordinatesystemofthe presentationspaceorphysicalmedium.
AdvancedFunctionPresentation(AFP). Anopen architectureforthemanagementofpresentable informationthatisdevelopedbytheAFPConsortium (AFPC).AFPcomprisesanumberofdatastreamand dataobjectarchitectures:
v MixedObjectDocumentContentArchitecture (MO:DCA),formerlyreferredtoasAFPDataStream (AFPDS)
v IntelligentPrinterDataStream(IPDS)Architecture v AFPLineDataArchitecture
v BarCodeObjectContentArchitecture(BCOCA) v ColorManagementObjectContentArchitecture
(CMOCA)
v FontObjectContentArchitecture(FOCA) v
GraphicsObjectContentArchitectureforAFP(AFP GOCA)
v ImageObjectContentArchitecture(IOCA) v PresentationTextObjectContentArchitecture
(PTOCA)
AFP. AdvancedFunctionPresentation.
AFPC. AFPConsortium.
AFPCC. AFPColorConsortium.
ASCII. AmericanStandardCodeforInformation Interchange.
application. (1)Theusetowhichaninformation systemisput.(2)Acollectionofsoftwarecomponents usedtoperformspecifictypesofworkonacomputer.
architected. Definedandcontrolledbyanarchitecture.
AmericanStandardCodeforInformationInterchange (ASCII). Astandardcodeusedforinformation exchangeamongdataprocessingsystems,data communicationsystems,andassociatedequipment.
ASCIIusesacodedcharactersetconsistingof7-bit codedcharacters.
attribute. Apropertyorcharacteristicofoneormore constructs.
auditCMR. ACMRthatreflectsprocessingthathas beendoneonanobject.
B
baselevel. Inthebase-and-towersconcept,the smallestportionofarchitectedfunctionthatisallowed tobeimplemented.
big-endian. Relatingtoaformatforstorageor transmissionofbinarydatainwhichthemost significantbit(orbyte)isplacedfirst.Contrastwith little-endian.
bilevel. Allowingeverypointinanimagetotakeonly thevalues0or1,thatis,blackornotblack.The scannerthenreadsonebitperpixel.Contrastwith multilevel.
BITS. Adatatypeforarchitecturesyntax,indicating oneormorebytestobeinterpretedasbitstring information.
brightness. Attributeofavisualsensationaccording towhichanareaappearstoexhibitmoreorlesslight.
C
calibration. Adjustingthecorrectvalueofareading bycomparisontoastandard.
Cartesiancoordinatesystem. Animagecoordinate systemthatusesthefourthquadrantwithpositive valuesfortheYaxis.Theoriginistheupperleft-hand cornerofthefourthquadrant.Apairof(x,y)values
©CopyrightInfoPrintSolutionsCompany2006,2007 63
correspondstooneimagepoint.Eachimagepointis describedbyanimagedataelement.
character. Amemberofasetofelementsusedforthe organization,control,orrepresentationofdata.A charactercanbeeitheragraphiccharacteroracontrol character.
CIE. CommissionInternationaled’Eclairage
CIELABcolorspace. Internationallyacceptedcolor spacemodelusedasastandardtodefinecolorwithin thegraphicartsindustry,aswellasotherindustries.L*, a*andb*areplottedatrightanglestooneanother.
Equaldistancesinthespacerepresentapproximately equalcolordifference.
CIEXYZcolorspace. ThefundamentalCIE-based colorspacethatallowscolorstobeexpressedasa mixtureofthethreetristimulusvaluesX,Y,andZ.
CMOCA. ColorManagementObjectContent Architecture.
CMR. Colormanagementresource.
CMY. Cyan,magenta,andyellow,thesubtractive primarycolors.
CMYK. Cyan,magenta,yellow,andblack.
CMYKcolorspace. Thecolormodelusedin four-colorprinting.Cyan,magenta,andyellow,the subtractiveprimarycolors,areusedwithblackto effectivelycreateamultitudeofothercolors.
CODE. Adatatypeforarchitecturesyntaxthat indicatesanarchitectedconstanttobeinterpretedas definedbythearchitecture.
color. Avisualattributeofthingsthatresultsfromthe lighttheyemit,transmit,orreflect.
colorants. Colors(pigments,dyes,inks)usedbya device,primarilyaprinter,toreproducecolors.
colorimetricintent. Agamutmappingmethodthatis intendedtopreservetherelationshipsbetween in-gamutcolorsattheexpenseofout-of-gamutcolors.
colorimetry. Thescienceofmeasuringcolorandcolor appearance.Classicalcolorimetrydealsprimarilywith colormatchesratherthanwithcolorappearanceas such.Themainfocusofcolorimetryhasbeenthe developmentofmethodsforpredictingperceptual matchesonthebasisofphysicalmeasurements.
colorcalibration. Theprocessofalteringthebehavior ofaninputoroutputdevicetomakeitconformtoan establishedstate,specifiedbyamanufacturer,user,or industry-widespecificationorstandard.
colorcomponent. Adimensionofacolorvalue expressedasanumericvalue.Acolorvaluemay consistofone,two,three,four,oreightcomponents, alsoreferredtoaschannels.
colorconversion. Theprocessofconvertingcolors fromonecolorspacetoanother.
colormanagement. Thetechnologytocalibratethe colorofinputdevices(suchasscannersordigital cameras),displaydevicesandoutputdevices(suchas printersoroffsetpresses).Partsofthistechnologyare implementedintheoperatingsystem,theAPI,or directlyintheapplication.
colormanagementresource. Anobjectthatprovides colormanagementinpresentationenvironments.
colormanagementsystem. Asetofsoftwaredesigned toincreasetheaccuracyandconsistencyofcolor betweencolordeviceslikeascanner,displayand printer.
colorpalette. Asystemofdesignatedcolorsthatare usedinconjunctionwitheachothertoachievevisual consistency.
colorrenderingdictionary. PostScriptlanguagefor convertingcolorsfromtheXYZcolorspacetoadevice colorspace.Itisanalogoustothe“fromPCS”partof anICCprinterprofilewithonerenderingintent:the partusedwhentheprofileisadestinationprofile.
colorspace. Amodelforrepresentingcolorinterms ofintensityvalues;acolorspacespecifieshowcolor informationisrepresented.Itdefinesa
multidimensionalspacewhosedimensions,or components,representintensityvalues.
CommissionInternationaled’Eclairage(CIE). An associationofinternationalcolorscientistswho
producedthestandardsthatareusedasthebasisofthe descriptionofcolor.
coordinatesystem. SeeCartesiancoordinatesystem.
CoordinatedUniversalTime(UTC). Thestandard timereferenceforEarthandthehumanrace.Knowing theUTCtimeandone’stime-zoneoffsetfromit,itis possibletocalculatethelocaltime.Forexample,1:00 PMUTCcorrespondsto3:00AMPacificStandardTime (onthesameday).UTCisalmostthesamethingas GreenwichMeanTime(GMT),whichwasoriginally usedasthestandardtimereference.
D
dataobject. Anobjectthatconveysinformation,such astext,graphics,audio,orvideo.
datastream. Acontinuousstreamofdatathathasa definedformat.Anexampleofadefinedformatisa structuredfield.
default. Avalue,attribute,oroptionthatisassumed whennonehasbeenspecifiedandoneisneededto continueprocessing.
deviceattribute. Apropertyorcharacteristicofa device.
device-dependent. Dependentupononeormore devicecharacteristics.
device-independentcolorspace. ACIE-basedcolor spacethatallowscolortobeexpressedina
device-independentway.Itensurescolorstobe predictablyandaccuratelymatchedamongvarious colordevices.
deviceprofile. Astructurethatprovidesameansof definingthecolorcharacteristicsofagivendeviceina particularstate.
dimension. Theattributeofsizegiventoarraysand tables.
document. (1)Amachine-readablecollectionofoneor moreobjectsthatrepresentsacomposition,awork,ora collectionofdata.(2)Apublicationorotherwritten material.
documentcomponent. Anarchitectedpartofa documentdatastream.Examplesofdocument componentsaredocuments,pages,pagegroups, indexes,resourcegroups,objects,andprocesselements.
dpi. Dotsperinch.
dotsperinch(dpi). (1)Thenumberofdotsthatwill fitinaninch.(2)Theunitofmeasureforoutput resolution.(3)Theunitofmeasureofthequalityof inputwhenusingascanner.Inthiscase,thedpi becomesasquarefunctionmeasuringthedotsboth verticallyaswellashorizontally.Consequently,when animageisscannedinat300dpi,thereare90,000dots orbitsofelectronicdata(300×300)ineverysquare inch.
E
EncapsulatedPostScript(EPS). Astandardfileformat forimportingandexportingPostScriptlanguagefiles amongapplicationsinavarietyofheterogeneous environments.
embeddedICCprofile. AnICCprofilethatis embeddedwithinagraphicdocumentorimage.It allowuserstotransparentlymovecolordatabetween differentcomputers,networksandevenoperating systemswithouthavingtoworryifthenecessary profilesarepresentonthedestinationsystems.
EPS. EncapsulatedPostScript.
exceptioncondition. Theconditionthatexistswhena productfindsaninvalidorunsupportedconstruct.
F
format. Thearrangementorlayoutofdataona physicalmediumorinapresentationspace.
G
gamma. Ameasureofcontrastinphotographic images.Moreprecisely,aparameterthatdescribesthe shapeofthetransferfunctionforoneormorestagesin animagingpipeline.Thetransferfunctionisgivenby theexpressionoutput = input^gamma whereboth inputandoutputarescaledtotherange0to1.
generic. Relatingto,orcharacteristicof,awhole grouporclass.
GIF. GraphicInterchangeFormat.
GOCA. GraphicsObjectContentArchitecture.
GraphicInterchangeFormat(GIF). Animageformat typegeneratedspecificallyforcomputeruse.Its resolutionisusuallyverylow(72dpi,orthatofyour computerscreen),makingitundesirableforprinting purposes.
GraphicsObjectContentArchitecture(GOCA). An architectedcollectionofconstructsusedtointerchange andpresentgraphicsdata.
grayscale. (1)Afilecreatedbyscanningacontinuous toneoriginalandsavingtheinformationasshadesof gray.(2)Animagecontainingaseriesoftonesstepped fromwhitetoblack.
H
halftone. Amethodofgeneratingonpressorona laserprinteranimagethatrequiresvaryingdensitiesor shadestoaccuratelyrendertheimage.Thisisachieved byrepresentingtheimageasapatternofdotsof varyingsize.Largerdotsrepresentdarkerareas,and smallerdotsrepresentlighterareasofanimage.
hexadecimal. Anumbersystemwithabaseofsixteen.
Thedecimaldigits0through9andcharactersA throughFareusedtorepresenthexadecimaldigits.The hexadecimaldigitsAthroughFcorrespondtothe decimalnumbers10through15,respectively.An exampleofahexadecimalnumberisX'1B',whichis equaltothedecimalnumber27.
hierarchy. Aseriesofelementsthathavebeengraded orrankedinsomeusefulmanner.
highlightcolor. Aspotcolorthatisusedtoaccentuate orcontrastmonochromaticareas.
Glossary 65
host. (1)IntheIPDSarchitecture,acomputerthat drivesaprinter.(2)InIOCA,thecontrolling environment.
I
ICC. InternationalColorConsortium.
ICC-absolutecolorimetric. Thisrenderingintentin whichthechromaticallyadaptedtristimulusvaluesof thein-gamutcolorsareunchanged.Itisusefulforspot colorsandwhensimulatingonemediumonanother (proofing).NotethatthisdefinitionofICC-absolute colorimetryisactuallycalledrelativecolorimetryinCIE terminology,becausethedatahasbeennormalized relativetotheperfectdiffuserviewedunderthesame illuminationsourceasthesample.
ICCprofile. AfileintheInternationalsortiumprofile format,containinginformationaboutthecolor
reproductioncapabilitiesofadevicesuchasascanner, adigitalcamera,amonitororaprinter.AnICCprofile includesthreeelements:128-bytefileheader,tagtable, andtaggedelementdata.Theintentofthisformatisto provideacross-platformdeviceprofileformat.Such deviceprofilescanbeusedtotranslatecolordata createdononedeviceintoanotherdevice'snativecolor space.Theacceptanceofthisformatbyoperating systemvendorsallowsenduserstotransparentlymove profilesandimageswithembeddedprofilesbetween differentoperatingsystems.
illuminant. Somethingthatcanserveasasourceof light.
image. Anelectronicrepresentationofapicture producedbymeansofsensinglight,sound,electron radiation,orotheremanationscomingfromthepicture orreflectedbythepicture.Animagecanalsobe generateddirectlybysoftwarewithoutreferencetoan existingpicture.
ImageObjectContentArchitecture(IOCA). An architectedcollectionofconstructsusedforthe interchangeandpresentationofimages.
indexedcolor. Acolorimageformatthatcontainsa paletteofcolorstodefinetheimage.Indexedcolorcan reducefilesizewhilemaintainingvisualquality.The reductioninfilesizemakesitanidealformatfor multimediaorwebgraphics.Itisnotusedforhigh-end
indexedcolor. Acolorimageformatthatcontainsa paletteofcolorstodefinetheimage.Indexedcolorcan reducefilesizewhilemaintainingvisualquality.The reductioninfilesizemakesitanidealformatfor multimediaorwebgraphics.Itisnotusedforhigh-end