To determine the best method for modeling nourishment along the northern flank of Cape Fear, I wanted to examine the relative amounts of nourishment in each community as compared to other communities throughout time. While the alongshore distribution of nourishment during each episode can vary, I had to select one representative community length in order to find normalized nourishment volumes per meter of shoreline. Thus, I selected the longest alongshore
length of nourishment given for each community in the PSDS (2012) data for communities from Kure Beach north was selected and used to normalize nourishment per community for each 5- year period.
Figure 1. Map of nourishment volumes along the northern flank of Cape Fear. Volumes have been normalized to alongshore community length for each community from 1936 – 1940. Line width reflects relative nourishment through time.
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After normalizing the nourishment volumes through time, I found the two communities of Wrightsville Beach and Carolina/Kure Beach contributed the largest volumes and nourished most consistently throughout this record. There also appears to be an increase in the spatial extent of larger nourishment episodes beginning around 1985. Based upon this, I selected two town locations to approximate the locations of Wrightsville and Carolina/Kure Beach and initially restricted nourishment to small extents. Then, in 1985 I expanded the shoreline of the towns in order to reflect the observations of increased spatial extent of nourishment.
Figure 2. Maps of normalized nourishment volumes for each community broken in to 5 year bins. Line width reflects relative nourishment throughout time.
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Figure 3. Maps of normalized nourishment volumes for each community, broken in to 5 year bins. Line width reflects relative nourishment throughout time.
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Appendix C. Wave Climate Analysis
I established the seasonal contribution to significant wave height increases for the Cape Canaveral region. Data from 19 Wave Information Studies (WIS) stations were downloaded. 15 of those were shallow-water stations, while 4 stations are in deep water (Fig. 1). This was then broken into summer season (July-September) and all other months. A linear regression trend was calculated for both the significant wave heights and those with heights > 3m. All linear
regressions are significant at the 95% confidence level using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. For the summer season, shallow water buoys saw significant wave height increases that ranged from 0.004 m/yr to 0.12 m/yr over approximately 20 years (Fig. 2). Hurricane-generated wave heights increased by 0.4 to 0.74 m/yr (Fig. 3). Deep water buoys have similar increases, with 0.006m to 0.01 m/yr increases in all significant wave heights (Fig. 4) and 0.056 to 0.74 m/yr increases in hurricane-generated waves (Fig. 5). It is likely that the majority of increases in summer-season significant wave heights results from increases in the hurricane-generated wave heights.
Trends in significant wave heights for all other months of the year also have increasing trends, but these are lower increases. The shallow water buoys saw increases that range from 0.002 to 0.013 m/yr for significant wave heights (Fig. 6) and 0.02 to 0.3 m/yr for waves >3m (Fig. 7). Interestingly, the trend in deep water waves is very small and very close to zero, with ranges of 0.0068 to 0.0095 for all significant wave heights (Fig. 8)and 0.004 to 0.006 m/yr for waves >3m high (Fig. 9).
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Figure1. Buoy and WIS station locations off the coast of Cape Canaveral. WIS station data can be downloaded from wis.usace.army.mil.
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Figure 2. Summer season significant wave height and trends for shallow water WIS stations near Cape Canaveral, FL.
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Figure 3. Hurricane-generated wave height and trends from shallow water WIS stations near Cape Canaveral, FL.
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Figure 4. Summer season significant wave heights and trends for deep water WIS stations near Cape Canaveral, FL.
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Figure 5. Hurricane-generated wave height and trends for deep water buoys near Cape Canaveral, FL.
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Figure 6. Significant wave height and trends for non-summer months for shallow WIS stations near Cape Canaveral, FL.
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Figure 7. Wave heights greater than 3m and trends for nonsummer months from shallow water WIS stations near Cape Canaveral, FL.
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Figure 8. Significant wave height and trends for non-summer months from deep water WIS stations near Cape Canaveral, FL.
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Figure 9. Significant wave height greater than 3m and trends for non-summer months from deep water WIS stations near Cape Canaveral, FL.
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