movement in a fragmented High-Andes
landscape
Supplementary Figure 4.1. Study area of 15 study localities in Cajas National Park, Ecuador.
Each locality is a single patch of Polylepis woodland surrounded by páramo grassland.
8 – Appendix
Supplementary Table 4.1. Páramo-habitat characteristics, Polylepis patch area and distance of nearest patch across 15 localities in Cajas National Park,
Ecuador. Rows 2-9 were used to principal component analysis of matrix habitat structure.
Habitat variable AT AV1 AV2 AV3 BA1 BA2 CH1 CH2 CH3 CU DA DU1 DU2 HU SL Páramo Grassland (%) 18.8 72.5 75 97.3 87.5 65 88.3 58.8 93.3 65 81 58 52.3 37.5 45 Rocky substrates (%) 33.8 - - - 3.3 - - 13.3 - - 6.3 2 5.8 7.5 7.5
Water bodies (%) - 0.8 - 1 - 2.5 - 1.3 3.3 - - - - 1.5 0.5
Native woody páramo shrubs (%) 36.3 25.8 22 1.3 6.8 28.8 10.5 18.0 1.6 20.3 12.8 16 19.3 16 35.8 Cosmopolitan woody plants (%) 11.3 - 3 0.5 2.5 3.8 - 6.3 1.6 11.8 - 14 15.8 27.3 6.3
Polylepis forest plants (%) - 1 - - - - 1.3 2.5 - 3 - 10 7 10.3 5 Shannon plant diversity 0.5 1.1 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.5 1.6 0.8 0.4 1.9 1.4 1.8 Shannon vertical complexity 1.3 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.5 1 0.5 0.9 1.5 0.6 1.1
Polylepis patch area (ha) 4.5 5.8 1.6 4 7.4 10.3 5.7 1.6 8.2 4 2.5 14.8 4.5 16.2 17.4 Distance of nearest patch (m) 466.4 154.6 181.7 225.9 659.8 167.5 167.5 167.5 212.1 293.3 707.4 408.7 328.8 640.6 417.7
Supplementary Table 4.2. Eigenvectors of the principal component analysis of the habitat
variables of surrounding páramo in 15 localities in Cajas National Park, Ecuador. The variance accounted for 35.27% and PCII 20.57%
Habitat variable PCI PCII
Cushion páramo (%) -0.33 -0.49
Páramo grassland (%) -0.29 0.60
Rocky substrates (%) 0.38 -0.24
Water bodies (%) -0.24 -0.49
Native woody páramo shrubs (%) 0.41 -0.03 Cosmopolitan woody plants (%) 0.40 -0.13
Polylepis forest plants (%) 0.32 -0.02
Shannon plant diversity -0.11 0.20
Shannon vertical complexity 0.41 0.20
8 – Appendix
Supplementary Table 4.3. Species list, habitat guild classification and average abundance based on observed movements across 15 localities in Cajas
National Park, Ecuador.
Species Name Habitat guild Mean ±SD
Bubo virginianus Great Horned Owl Generalist 0.83 0.75
Oreotrochilus chimborazo Ecuadorian Hillstar Páramo 1.67 0.82
Chalcostigma stanleyi Blue-mantled Thornbill Páramo 2.67 1.21
Chalcostigma herrani Rainbow-bearded Thornbill Páramo 0.67 0.82
Metallura baroni Violet-throated Metaltail Generalist 3.5 2.88
Aglaeactis cupripennis Shining Sunbeam Páramo 1.83 1.47
Grallaria quitensis Tawny Antpitta Generalist 0.83 0.75
Margarornis squamiger Pearled Treerunner Polylepis forest 0.33 0.82
Leptasthenura andicola Andean Tit-Spinetail Generalist 0.17 0.41
Asthenes griseomurina Mouse-colored Thistletail Polylepis forest 0.67 0.52
Mecocerculus leucophrys White-throated Tyrannulet Polylepis forest 2.33 1.97
Anairetes parulus Tufted Tit-Tyrant Polylepis forest 1 1.1
Agriornis montanus Black-billed Shrike-Tyrant Páramo 0.33 0.52
Cnemarchus erythropygius Red-rumped Bush-Tyrant Generalist 3.17 1.72
Ochthoeca fumicolor Brown-backed Chat-Tyrant Generalist 6.83 1.47
Turdus fuscater Great Thrush Generalist 7.33 3.33
Anisognathus igniventris Scarlet-bellied Mountain-Tanager Polylepis forest 0.33 0.52
Oreomanes fraseri Giant Conebill Polylepis forest 1 0.89
Species Name Habitat guild Mean ±SD
Xenodacnis parina Tit-like Dacnis Polylepis forest 0.67 0.82
Diglossa humeralis Black Flowerpiercer Polylepis forest 0.33 0.52
Phrygilus unicolor Plumbeous Sierra-Finch Páramo 1 1.26
Catamenia inornata Plain-colored Seedeater Páramo 0.33 0.82
Catamenia homochroa Paramo Seedeater Páramo 0.17 0.41
Myioborus melanocephalus Spectacled Redstart Polylepis forest 0.33 0.52
Sporagra magellanica Hooded Siskin Generalist 1.33 1.03
8 – Appendix
Supplementary Table 4.4. Total richness based on species movements, Chao 1 species richness estimator, similarity between Polylepis patch and
páramo matrix based on Sørensen quantitative index and average abundance of bird habitat guilds based on movements of each guild across 15 localities in Cajas National Park, Ecuador.
Locality code Richness Chao1 (± SD) CI (95%) Patch-Matrix Similarity Habitat guild (± SD) Generalist Polylepis specialist Páramo specialist AT 8 8.97(±1.44) 7.98-9.96 0.21 1.83(±1.03) 2.5(±2.79) 1.67(±1.03) AV1 4 4.45(±0.95) 3.52-5.38 0.11 0.67(±0.82) 0.33(±0.52) 0.83(±0.41) AV2 4 4.47(±1.03) 3.46-5.48 0.19 2.5(±1.64) - 0.167(±0.41) AV3 3 3(±0.68) 2.23-3.77 0.15 1.67(±1.21) - - BA1 3 3.2(±0.95) 2.13-4.27 0.14 0.83(±0.98) - - BA2 4 4.89(±1.5) 3.42-6.36 0.21 1.5(±1.60) 0.83(±1.63) - CH1 3 3.86(±1.04) 2.68-5.64 0.09 1.17(±0.98) - - CH2 3 3(±0.47) 2.47-3.53 0.11 3.33(±1.38) - - CH3 2 2(±0.6) 1.17-2.83 0.00 0.17(±1.22) - 0.33(±0.82) CU 5 5(±0.86) 4.24-5.76 0.32 1.33(±0.82) 1.83(±2.74) 0.83(±0.75) DA 6 6.96(±1.8) 5.52-8.4 0.15 1.67(±1.51) 1(±2.45) 1.33(±1.75) DU1 9 10.24(±1.85) 9.09-11.39 0.37 2.5(±2.35) 0.67(±2.28) 2.83(±2.56) DU2 12 15.91(±3.83) 13.97-17.85 0.38 2.83(±1.17) 3.67(±4.93) 0.33(±0.82) HU 11 12.47(±3.08) 10.73-14.21 0.33 3(±1.26) 1.67(±2.04) 2(±2.9) SL 7 7(±1.56) 5.85-8.15 0.24 3.5(±1.52) 0.33(±0.52) 1(±1.10) 93
Supplementary Table 4.5. Habitat guild classification, species list and their total abundance across 15 localities in Cajas National Park, Ecuador. The
classification is separated by birds which were recorded in Polylepis patches (patch counts) and páramo matrix (matrix transects). These values were used by calculated Sørensen quantitative index between patch-matrix (Supplementary Table 4.4.).
Habitat group and species Locality code
AT AV1 AV2 AV3 BA1 BA2 CH1 CH2 CH3 CU DA DU1 DU2 HU SL Patch counts Generalist Bubo virginianus - 2 - - - 1 2 3 1 - Carduelis magellanica 7 1 - 1 7 - 3 2 15 17 17 8 1 11 4 Cnemarchus erythropygius - - 1 3 1 - - 7 - 1 - - - - - Grallaria quitensis 8 7 15 10 4 13 6 7 5 11 6 7 9 16 10 Leptasthenura andicola - - 2 - - - - Metallura baroni 29 6 17 11 12 11 16 10 9 8 2 15 12 12 18 Ochthoeca fumicolor 5 6 7 9 11 4 2 7 4 - 9 15 6 9 1 Turdus fuscater 3 4 5 12 6 3 21 4 3 12 - 3 4 20 5 Páramo Cinclodes excelesior - - - 3 - - - Cinclodes fuscus - - - 1 - - - Cistothorus platensis - - - - 1 - - - - Aglaeactis cupripennis - - - 5 - 2 - Asthenes flammulata - - - - 3 - - 1 - - - - 3 4 2 Chalcostigma herrani - - - 1 - - - 3 - - Chalcostigma stanleyi 35 - 1 3 1 - - - 4 - 5 5 - 2 - Oreotrochilus chimborazo - - - 3 - - - 94
8 – Appendix
Habitat group and species Locality code
AT AV1 AV2 AV3 BA1 BA2 CH1 CH2 CH3 CU DA DU1 DU2 HU SL
Polylepis forest Anisognathus igniventris - 1 6 6 1 - 3 - 1 3 - - 7 - - Atlapetes latinuchus - - - - 2 - - - 6 - Boissonneaua matthewsii - - - 5 - - - - Cyanolyca turcosa - - - 5 2 - - - - Diglossa humeralis 4 - 2 - - - 4 6 Dubusia taeniata 4 2 - - - 2 - - 3 3 - 2 Elaenia albiceps - 2 - - - 4 - - Margarornis squamiger 1 7 5 2 1 11 2 9 1 11 10 6 - 2 1 Mecocerculus leucophrys 30 21 26 14 12 13 42 33 32 30 30 29 23 39 26 Myioborus melanocephalus - - 15 - - 3 9 19 5 - 2 - 2 3 1 Oreomanes fraseri - 8 2 - 9 - - 7 8 5 7 9 2 9 8 Pterophanes cyanopterus - - - 3 - - - - Schizoeaca griseomurina 2 - 4 1 2 4 - 3 5 2 5 3 5 2 - Scytalopus latrans 3 2 8 7 7 14 1 1 5 - 6 - - 4 6 Xenodacnis parina 39 6 - 1 6 - - - 24 8 4 - - 1 21 Matrix transect Generalist Cnemarchus erythropygius - - - 2 3 - - - 7 2 5 - Grallaria quitensis 7 2 6 5 8 5 5 5 - 9 8 11 3 9 10 Leptasthenura andicola - 2 1 2 - 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 3 5 3 Metallura baroni 7 3 5 1 - 6 2 2 - 4 3 3 2 5 4 Ochthoeca fumicolor 4 1 1 1 2 1 - - - 1 - 11 7 - - Turdus fuscater 2 - 1 1 - - - 3 9 15 2 Zonotrichia capensis - - - 2 - 95
Habitat group and species Locality code
AT AV1 AV2 AV3 BA1 BA2 CH1 CH2 CH3 CU DA DU1 DU2 HU SL
Páramo 13 12 16 14 12 12 19 14 23 14 16 17 17 34 24 Agriornis montana 2 1 4 2 - - 5 1 2 - - 2 - 2 9 Catamenia homochroa - - - 1 - 3 - - - - Cinclodes excelesior - - - 3 - - 7 - 2 - - 2 - Cinclodes fuscus 9 4 2 4 9 4 7 7 14 4 11 11 4 12 8 Cistothorus platensis 1 7 9 1 - 1 1 4 - 4 - - 10 - 6 Muscisaxicola alpina - - - 2 - - 2 - - - - 1 - 11 - Phrygilus unicolor 1 - 1 4 3 1 4 2 - 6 3 3 3 7 1 Aglaeactis cupripennis - - - 4 - 2 - Asthenes flammulata 1 6 4 3 2 3 5 9 2 2 1 4 9 1 8 Chalcostigma herrani - - - 4 - - Chalcostigma stanleyi - 3 - - - 8 - 3 2 1 2 Oreotrochilus chimborazo - 1 - - 2 - 1 - - 3 - 3 - 4 - Polylepis forest Anisognathus igniventris - - - 7 - - - - - Atlapetes latinuchus - - - 2 10 - Margarornis squamiger - - - 7 - - Mecocerculus leucophrys - - - 4 - 4 9 2 - Oreomanes fraseri - - - 2 - - Schizoeaca griseomurina - 2 - - - 1 - 2 2 - 2 Scytalopus latrans - - - 2 - - Xenodacnis parina 2 - - - 7 2 - 1 14 2 96
9
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