Variable Construct Mean Min Max Standard
deviation
Source
Support for higher taxes to protect the envi- ronment (V106)
“I would agree to an increase in taxes if the extra money were used to prevent environmental pollution” “Strongly disagree”, “Disagree”, “Agree”, “Strongly agree” (re-
versed scale) 2.64 1 4 0.85 World Values Survey (WVS) Political trust (V136+V137+V1 41) mean-based cen- tered standard- ized
3-item (α = 0.773) index 1: “Confi- dence in the police”, “Confidence in the justice system”, “Confidence in the civil services”
“None at all”, “Not very much”, “Quite a lot”, “A great deal” (re-
versed scales) 2.53 1 4 0.71 World Values Survey (WVS) Political trust (V138+V139+V1 40) mean-based cen- tered standard- ized
3-item (α = 0.843) index 2: “Confi- dence in the government”, “Confi- dence in the political parties”, “Confidence in parliament”. “None at all”, “Not very much”, “Quite a lot”, “A great deal” (re-
versed scales) 2.25 1 4 0.72 World Values Survey (WVS) Social trust (V47) centered stand- ardized
“Do you think most people would try to take advantage of you if they got a chance, or would they try to be fair?”
“Would take advantage”, “Try to be fair”
5.76 1 10 2.55 World Values
Survey (WVS)
Values (Y002) “If you had to choose, which one of the things on this card would you say is most important?”
“And which would be the next most important?”
“Maintaining order in the nation”, “Giving people more say in im- portant government decisions”, “Fighting rising prices”, “Protecting freedom of speech”
“Materialist”, “Mixed”, “Post-materi- alist” (recoded) 0 2 World Values Survey (WVS) Household in- come (V253)
Income deciles 4.98 1 10 2.31 World Values
Survey (WVS)
Note: Political trust and social trust are presented in uncentered and unstandardized form. Real GDP per capita is presented in normal form.
Ideology/Party af- filiation (V114)
“Far left”, “Center left”, “Center Lib- eral”, “Conservative right”, “Far right” (transformed) 1 5 World Values Survey (WVS) Affected by envi- ronmental degra- dation (V108+V109+V1 10) 3-item (α = 0.899) index: “Poor air quality”, “Poor water quality”, “Poor sewage and sanita- tion”
“Not serious at all”, “Not very seri- ous”, “Somewhat serious”, “Very serious”
(reversed scales)
2.85 1 4 1.05 World Values
Survey (WVS)
Education (V238) “Incomplete/complete primary school”, “Incomplete secondary school”, “Complete secondary school”, “University-level education with/without degree”, “No formal education” (transformed)
1 5 World Values
Survey (WVS)
Gender (V235) “Male”, “Female” 0 1 World Values
Survey (WVS)
Age (V237) “18-29”, “30-45”, “46+” 1 3 World Values
Survey (WVS) Employment sta-
tus (V241) “Unemployed”, “Employed” (trans-formed) 0 1 World Values Survey (WVS) Current tax-level
(wdi_taxrev)
Tax revenues of GDP (%) 17.43 8 28 5.54 Quality of
Government Institute (QoG) Economic devel- opment (gle_rgdpc)
Real GDP per capita (2005) (log
transformed ) 17782.88 781 55691 14711.21 Quality of Government
Institute (QoG) Quality of govern-
ment (icrg_qog) International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) Index 0.62 0 1 0.20 Quality of Government Institute (QoG)
TABLE 2. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS (ISSP DATA)
Variable Construct Mean Min Max Standard
deviation Source
Support for higher taxes to protect the envi- ronment (V30)
“How willing would you be to pay much higher taxes to pro- tect the environment?”
“Very unwilling”, “Fairly un- willing”, “Neither willing nor unwilling”, “Fairly willing”, “Very willing” (reversed scale)
2.54 1 5 1.2 International So-
cial Survey Pro- gramme (ISSP)
Political trust (V14)
centered standardized
“Most politicians are in poli- tics only for what they can get out of it personally”
“Agree strongly”, “Agree”, “Neither agree nor disagree”, “Disagree”, “Disagree strongly”
2.46 1 5 1.13 International So-
cial Survey Pro- gramme (ISSP) Political trust (V14+V13) mean-based centered standardized 2-item (α = 0.497) index: “Most politicians are in poli- tics only for what they can get out of it personally”
“Agree strongly”, “Agree”, “Neither agree nor disagree”, “Disagree”, “Disagree strongly”
“Most of the time we can trust in people in government to do what is right”
“Disagree strongly”, “Disa- gree”, “Neither agree nor dis- agree”, “Agree”, “Agree strongly” (reversed scale)
2.66 1 5 0.91 International So-
cial Survey Pro- gramme (ISSP)
Social trust (V11)
Centered Standardized
“Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted, or that you can’t be too careful in dealing with people?”
“You can’t be too careful”, “Most people can’t be trusted”
2.88 1 5 1.30 International So-
cial Survey Pro- gramme (ISSP) Social trust (V11+V12) mean-based centered 2-item (α = 0.703) index: “Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted, or that you can’t be too careful in dealing with people?”
3.02 1 5 1.12 International So-
cial Survey Pro- gramme (ISSP)
standardized “You can’t be too careful”, “Most people can’t be trusted”.
“Generally speaking, do you think most people would take advantage of you if they got a chance, or would they try to be fair?”
“Most people would try to take advantage”, “Most peo- ple would try to be fair”
Values (V9+V10)
“Looking at the list below, please tick a box next to the one thing you think should be [COUNTRY'S] highest prior- ity, the most important thing it should do”
“And which one do you think should be COUNTRY'S] next highest priority, the second most important thing it should do”
“Maintain order in the nation”, “Give people more say in government decisions”, “Fight rising prices”, “Protect free- dom of speech”
“Materialist”, “Mixed”, “Post- materialist”
(transformed into one varia- ble)
0 2 International So-
cial Survey Pro- gramme (ISSP) Personal income (Ctry specific: rinc) Income in US dollars (log transformed) 2167.1 3 0 54683 0 8574.41 International So- cial Survey Pro- gramme (ISSP) Ideology/Politi-
cal affiliation (PARTY_LR)
“Far left”, “Center left”, “Cen- ter Liberal”, “Conservative right”, “Far right”
1 5 International So-
cial Survey Pro- gramme (ISSP) Affected by envi-
ronmental deg- radation (V38)
“Environmental problems have a direct effect on my everyday life”
“Disagree strongly”, “Disa- gree”, “Agree”, “Agree strongly”, “Neither agree nor disagree” (reversed scale)
3.15 1 5 1.08 International So-
cial Survey Pro- gramme (ISSP)
Note: Political trust and social trust are presented in uncentered and unstandardized form. Real GDP per capita and personal income are presented in normal form.
Education (DE- GREE)
“Lowest formal qualification (primary)”, “Intermediate sec- ondary completed”, “Higher secondary completed”, “Uni- versity degree incom- plete/completed”, “No formal qualification”
1 5 International So-
cial Survey Pro- gramme (ISSP)
Age (AGE) “15-29”, “30-45”, “46+” 1 3 International So-
cial Survey Pro- gramme (ISSP)
Gender (SEX) “Male”, “Female” 0 1 International So-
cial Survey Pro- gramme (ISSP) Employment status (WORK) “Unemployed”, “Employed” (transformed) 0 1 International So-
cial Survey Pro- gramme (ISSP) Current tax-level
(wdi_taxrev) Tax revenues of GDP (%) 19.82 9 34 6.71 Quality of Gov-ernment Institute (QoG)
Economic devel- opment (gle_rgdpc)
Real GDP per capita (2005) (log-transformed) 26792. 56 3360 55691 12495.47 Quality of Gov- ernment Institute (QoG) Quality of gov- ernment (icrg_qog)
International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) Index
0.75 0 1 0.19 Quality of Gov-
ernment Institute (QoG)