Air Quality Impacts Panel Emissions
• What pollutants are currently well characterized for airport operations and which are not?
• Considering possible future changes with fuels, engines, controls and equipment, what needs to be done to ensure an adequate emissions inventory?
Measurements
• What important studies have been conducted assessing localized air pollution impacts of airports? How have these studies informed us about magnitude, geographic extent and risk of airport activities on public health?
• Can these studies be scaled to other airports and/or are additional field studies or routine monitoring necessary? (What basic questions need to be addressed in future studies?)
Modelling
• Is there agreement on the adequacy of existing models for regional air quality? What are their emissions inventory and meteorology requirements and can these be appropriately represented in the models?
• What models are recommended for local impact assessment? How do we define the spatial and temporal resolution of emissions for these models (air- and groundside)?
• What are the main uncertainties in local and regional air quality models? How can they be minimized and assessed?
Health risk assessment
• What is the relative importance of each emissions type, in particular NOx, CO, HC and PM?
• Are the current guidelines for NAAQS, cancer and non- cancer risk assessment appropriate for application to assessing the local and regional public health impacts of airports?
• What are the data/information requirements to express quantitatively estimates of human health impacts? • How might impacts assessments provide guidance to land
use development patterns around airports?
• How do we compare with impact from other sectors (over time and space)?
Noise Impacts Panel
1 On which welfare attributes (e.g. public health, learning,
housing values, etc.) does aviation noise have a negative impact?
• Have quantitative relationships been established between noise metrics and noise impacts? What noise metric(s) is (are) used, how is aviation noise impact quantified, and how is the relationship between the two measures defined? • What are the pros and cons of using these noise metric-
impact relationships to evaluate noise policy?
ICAO/CAEP Impacts Workshop – Appendices
– How much uncertainty lies in each noise metric-impact relationship? How well is each noise impact currently measured? Are there better ways to quantify the noise impact?
– How generalizable is each noise metric-impact relationship?
– How well does the public understand/accept each noise metric-impact relationship?
– Which noise metric-impact relationships require further study?
• Are there alternative ways to model the noise metric-impact relationships?
• Have thresholds of ‘significant impact’ been established, and how good are they?
2 What other noise impacts should be considered that we
currently cannot quantify?
• Why are these potential impacts worth studying, and in what context might they be used? Would they replace or complement the noise impacts considered today?
3 What other noise metrics should be considered, which we
currently do not use to quantify noise damage? • Why might these metrics be important? Would these
metrics replace or complement currently used metrics? • What other potential noise metric-impact relationships
should be studied?
– Should non-acoustic or psycho-acoustic factors be included in noise metric-impact relationships? If so, how should they be modelled?
4 Based on our answers to Questions 1–3 above, which noise
metric-impact relationships can/should be used for noise policy evaluation (cost-benefit analysis) today?
• Are there specific applications for which some noise metric- impact relationships are better suited than others (e.g. local vs. global, short-term vs. long-term)?
• How realistic is the economical assessment of noise impacts? – Can the costs and/or benefits be realistically quantified,
such as through the impact of noise on property value? – Can this approach be reinforced by monetization of
noise on health?
• Is the economical impact by monetization a method to assess the global impact of air traffic? If not, what alternatives do we have?
• Which alternative noise metric-impact relationships might have the greatest potential for improving noise policy evaluation?
Climate Impacts Panel
1 What are the current understanding and uncertainties
associated with atmospheric composition changes and climate impacts due to aviation:
• from an increase in CO2?
• from ozone and methane changes due to NOzemissions?
• from contrails and effects on cirrus cloudiness? • from changes in water vapour?
What are the spatial and temporal variations in non-CO2
climate impacts?
What level of time-space resolution is sufficient for model simulations and measurements to best address the above issues?
Are there relevant observations (types, time and space resolution) to support our estimates of aviation impact?
2 What are the metric(s) that can best capture impacts on
different space and time-scales?
• What are the appropriate impact parameters?
• Usefulness and limitations of the global averaged radiative forcing concept?
• Utility of pulse vs. continuous emission perturbations scenarios and simulation to estimate climate impacts? – GWP-weighted emissions
– Radiative forcing/integrated radiative
forcing/temperature response from pulse emission – Radiative forcing/integrated radiative forcing/
temperature response from actual emission scenarios. • Scales of time integration for CO2and non-CO2climate
impacts and changing magnitudes of non-CO2impacts in
relation to CO2impacts?
• What are the best approach to come up with common metrics with air quality and noise?
• How do we compare with impacts from other sectors (over time and space)?
– Using emission inventory – Using actual impact simulations.
3 How will the climate impacts depend on changes in
emissions and operations? Trade-off options • What is the impact of changes in routings?
• What is the impact of changes in fuel use (technology, routings)?
• What are the impacts of future emission changes (scenarios) and how can we limit the uncertainties?
• Are emissions from future supersonic transport (business jets) a likely scenario to include?
4 What are the best approaches for climate impact analysis
(for policy)?
• How well can we monetize impacts of aviation on climate? • How will selection of discount rates and aviation scenarios
affect the outcomes of impact analyses?
• How can we include the effect of climate change and associated uncertainties in the impact studies?
• What level of time-space resolution is sufficient for model simulations and measurements to best address the impacts as defined by a metric? Are those requirements sufficiently different from those for understanding the science? • Are there relevant observations (types, time and space
resolution) to support our estimates of aviation impact as defined by a metric? Are those requirements sufficiently different from those for understanding the science?
ICAO/CAEP Impacts Workshop – Appendices
Interdependencies groups
• What are the key aviation-specific interdependent environmental impacts?
• Common metrics:
– What are the key issues for trade-offs and
interdependencies among and within these aviation- related environmental impacts?
– What are the metric options to interrelate environmental impacts among all three groups? • What are the best options for analyses quantifying aviation
interrelated environmental impacts?
• How best can we practically apply the present state of knowledge and modelling and data analysis ability to quantify the impacts (recognizing uncertainties)?