In this present study never - smokers had higher levels of FVC and FEV1 than the predicted values by Patrick and Femi- Pearse.119The predicted values by Patrick and Femi –Pearse were used because of the same geographical area this study was carried out. The higher values
obtained in this study may be due to changes in secular trends of the general population with individuals of similar age growing taller and bigger than thirty years ago.
CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
1. This study had a small number of current smokers. Consequently, the relationship between current smoking status and future smoking cessation practice; and association between duration of smoking and ventilatory function were not looked at.
2. Biochemical assessment of smoking, such as use of cotinine or exhaled carbon monoxide, was not used to verify the smoking status of the respondents. Hence the truthfulness of their response concerning current smoking status could not be ascertained.
CONCLUSION
The main findings in this study are as follows: there was a low prevalence of current smoking among medical students. However the students, particularly those in preclinical faculty had deficiency in knowledge of smoking related diseases and smoking cessation methods. Majority of the students wanted tobacco education and smoking cessation included in their school
curriculum. Ever-smokers had lower level of FEV1/ FVC ratio than never- smokers, but this may be due to the small number of ever- smokers studied.
Based on the findings in this study, the following recommendations are made:
1. Tobacco prevention programmes should be targeted at students in primary and secondary school, as most smokers start smoking before entering the university.
2. Tobacco education and smoking cessation methods should be included early in the medical school curriculum to fully prepare medical students for their future roles in tobacco control.
3. The school authority should provide an avenue for offering smoking cessation assistance to medical students who smoke, so as to prevent them from developing COPD and other smoking related diseases.
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Appendix 1
Joint ATS/ ERS guidelines for performing spirometry Summary of within and between manoeuvre acceptability criteria Within- manoeuvre criteria
Individual spirogram are acceptable if they are free from the following artefacts:
Cough during the first second of exhalation Glottis closure that influences the measurement Early termination or cut-off
Effort that is not maximal throughout Leak
Obstructed mouthpiece They have good starts
Extrapolated volume,5% of FVC or 0.15 L, whichever is greater They show satisfactory exhalation
Duration of 6sec or a plateau in the volume-time curve or
If the subject cannot or should not continue to exhale Between - manoeuvre criteria
After three acceptable spirograms have been obtained, apply the following tests:
The two largest values of FVC must be within 0.150 L of each other The two largest values of FEV1 must be within 0.150 L of each other If both of these criteria are met, the test session may be concluded If both of these criteria are not met, continue testing until
Both of the criteria are met with analysis of additional acceptable spirograms Or
A total of eight tests have been performed (optional) or The patient/subject cannot or should not continue Save as a minimum, the three satisfactory manoeuvres
APPENDIX TWO QUESTIONNAIRE
PART ONE
The information you volunteered will be treated as CONFIDENTIAL Please TICK as appropriate
SUBJECT STUDY CODE NUMBER...
SECTION A: BIODATA
1. How old are you? ... ..……... (Age as at last Birthday) 2. Sex a. Female [ ] b. Male [ ] 3. What is your course year in medical school?
a. Second year [ ] b Third year [ ] c. Fourth year [ ] d. Fifth year [ ] e. Sixth year [ ]
4. Marital Status a. single [ ] b. married [ ]
5. Religion: a. Christianity [ ] b. Islam [ ] c. others [ ]
SECTION B: FAMILY AND FRIENDS 6. What is your father’s level of education?
a. primary school [ ] b. secondary school [ ] c. polytechnic/ teachers training (NCE) [ ] d. University [ ]
e. post graduate [ ] f. no formal education [ ]
7. Does your father smoke cigarette? a. Yes [ ] b. No [ ] 8. What is your mother’s level of education?
a. primary school [ ] b. secondary school [ ]
c. polytechnic/ teachers training (NCE) [ ] d. University [ ]
e. post graduate [ ] f. no formal education [ ] 9. Does your mother smoke cigarette? a. Yes [ ] b. No [ ]
10. Do you have a brother or sister (sibling) who smokes? a. Yes [ ] b. No [ ] 11. Do you have a relation living with you who smokes? a. Yes [ ] b. No [ ] 12. Do any of your close friends smoke? a. Yes [ ] b. No [ ]
SECTION C: SOCIAL HABITS 13. Do you use any of the following?
i. Alcohol a. Yes [ ] b. No [ ] ii. Sedatives a. Yes [ ] b. No [ ]
iii. Caffeine or kola nut a. Yes [ ] b. No [ ] iv. Cannabis (Indian hemp) a. Yes [ ] b. No [ ]
v. Cocaine a. Yes [ ] b. [ ]
14. Do you use any of the following?
i. Chewing tobacco a. Yes [ ] b. No [ ] ii. Snuff a. Yes [ ] b. No [ ] iii. Cigars a. Yes [ ] b. No [ ] iv. Pipes a. Yes [ ] b. No [ ]
15. Have you ever smoked cigarette? a. Yes [ ] b. No [ ] IF YOU ANSWER NO TO QUESTION (15) SKIP SECTION D SECTION D
16. How old were you when you smoked your first cigarette ever?... (Years) 17. What class where you in medical school when you started smoking?
a. I started smoking before entering university [ ] b. First year [ ] c. Second year [ ] c. d. Third year [ ] e. Fourth year [ ] d. f. Fifth year [ ] f. Sixth year [ ]
18. Which of the following best describes your initial reasons for smoking the first time?
a. My friends smoke [ ] b. My relatives smoke [ ]
c. I was inquisitive [ ] d. To show sign of maturity [ ] e. To express independence [ ] g. others (specify)...
19. Have you smoked a cigarette within the last 30 days? a. Yes [ ] b. No [ ]