what he wants? 4) Will you ask the shopkeeper
how much it costs? Gme‡¶‡Î GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© MÖvgvi
KvR K‡i| †mwU n‡jv- Avwg Avm‡j †h g~j cÖkœwU Ki‡Z PvB †mwU interrogative c¨vUv‡b© _vK‡e bv|
Supporting Your Opinions : wbR gZvg‡Zi c‡¶ K_v ejv|
wbR gZvg‡Zi c‡¶ K_v ej‡Z wM‡q gZvgZ †`qvi ïi“‡Z wKQz G·‡cÖkb e¨envi Kiv hvq| wb‡Ri K_vi eY©bv, cÖvmw½K D`vniY, weeiY ev mviK_vi c~‡e© Gme G·‡cÖkb e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| cÖwZwU G·‡cÖk‡bi ci GKUz weiwZ (wjwLZ Bs‡iwR‡Z ÕKgvÕ) wb‡Z nq| Gici g~j K_vwU
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ej‡Z nq| G·‡cÖkb¸‡jv n‡jv: Let me illustrate,…
ev For example,… ev For instance,… ev To give
you an example,… ev Let me give you an
example,… ev To elaborate, First, (second), etc.
BZ¨vw`|
GKwU D`vniY †`wL: For example, Raz Shahi Bank uses the type of ATM card I’m proposing. Their clients have been using these cards with
satisfaction.
Exploring Options : A‡b¨i gZvgZ †LuvRv Ges †kªô cÖ¯—ve ev cwiKíbvi m¤¢ve¨Zvi Rb¨ gZvgZ †bIqv| ‡Kvb wel‡q A‡b¨i gZvgZ wK Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ wKQz cÖkœ Quy‡o †`qv hvq: What do you think (about … )? ev How
do you feel (about …)? ev Any ideas? ev What
are the alternatives?
†kªô cÖ¯—v‡ei ev cwiKíbvi m¤¢ve¨Zv †evSvi Rb¨ gZvgZ hvPvB Ki‡Z wM‡q wKQz cÖ¯—veg~jK K_v ejv nq: Let's
look at Option 1. ev What (do you think) about
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Let's consider Ms Ismat's proposal. BZ¨vw`|
gZvgZ hvPvB Ki‡Z wM‡q Av‡jvPbv‡K Av‡iv GwM‡q †bqvi Rb¨ Avev‡iv cÖ¯—veg~jK K_v ejv hvq: Let's move on to
Option 2. ev What about Plan C? ev Let's look at
the fourth choice. ev How about Masud's idea? ev
Should we move on to the next point? ev Before
we move on, we need to consider... BZ¨vw`|
Contrasting Ideas : wKfv‡e Bs‡iwR‡Z wecixZ e³e¨ Zz‡j ai‡eb|
GKwU e³‡e¨i cvkvcvwk Zvi wecixZ e³e¨ Zz‡j aivi Rb¨ g~jZ K‡qKwU kã ev †d«R e¨envi Kiv nq: but, in spite of, despite, though/although, however
BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b D`vniY sentence Gi c‡i eª¨v‡K‡U evsjvq
sentence Gi MobwU Zz‡j aiv n‡jv| 1) I'd really like
to come to the film, but I have to study tonight.
(g~j e³e¨, but wecixZ e³e¨) 2) They continued on
their journey, in spite of the pouring rain. (g~j
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wecixZ e³e¨, g~j e³e¨) 3) They continued on their
journey, despite the pouring rain. (g~j e³e¨,
despite wecixZ e³e¨ A_ev Despite wecixZ e³e¨, g~j
e³e¨) 4) We wanted to drivethe motor bike fast, although we knew that driving fast can be
dangerous. (g~j e³e¨, although wecixZ e³e¨ A_ev
Although wecixZ e³e¨, g~j e³e¨) 5) Getting a
good job is hard work; however, most people
eventually find one with patience. (g~j e³e¨;
however, wecixZ e³e¨)
Discussion Techniques : Av‡jvPbv cwiPvjbv †KŠkj|
wKfv‡e Av‡jvPbvi m~ÎcvZ Ki‡eb? Bs‡iwR‡Z fve© m¤^wjZ †ek wKQy G·‡cÖkb Av‡Q hvi gva¨‡g Av‡jvPbvi m~ÎcvZ NUv‡bv nq| †hgb: To begin with, ev We need to
discuss ... ev We need to determine ... ev We
need to find out ... ev Let's start by (+V ing) ev
We'll start by (+V ing) ev The problem here is....
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g~j welqwU wKfv‡e Zz‡j ai‡eb? g~j welqwU Zz‡j aivi Rb¨ wKQz †mb‡UÝ c¨vUvb© e¨envi Kiv nq: The important thing (here) is ... ev The main thing we need to discuss is ... ev Let's look at ... ev It looks like ... ev It appears that ... BZ¨vw`|
Av‡jvwPZ welq m¤^‡Ü wKfv‡e gZvgZ Rvb‡Z PvB‡eb? Av‡jvwPZ welq m¤^‡Ü gZvgZ PvIqvi Rb¨ cÖkœ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i: What do you think? ev How about you? ev
How do you feel about that? ev Any ideas on
that? BZ¨vw`|
gZvgZ †`Iqvi mgq wKfv‡e Zv Rvbv‡eb? hLb gZvgZ PvIqv n‡”Q †mmgq gZvgZ †`Iqvi Rb¨ wKQz G·‡cÖkb ev c¨vUvb© Avgv‡`i‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i: (That sounds
like a) good idea. ev Sounds good. ev The
problem with that is ... ev That raises the issue of
... ev That brings up the issue of ... BZ¨vw`|
Discussions in a Meeting : wgwUs‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv| wgwUs ïi“ Kivi mgq ejv †h‡Z cv‡i: Let's get started.
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ev We need to discuss ... ev We need to talk
about ... BZ¨vw`|
wgwUs‡qi G‡RÛv wel‡q K_v ejvi Rb¨ wKQz G·‡cÖkb e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib: The first thing we need to
discuss is ... ev The first item on the agenda is ...
ev The first thing on the list is ... ev First, we
need to talk about ... BZ¨vw`|
gZvgZ PvIqv I †`qvi Rb¨ wK ejv †h‡Z cv‡i Ges Av‡jvPbv‡K wKfv‡e GwM‡q wb‡q hvIqv hvq †m e¨vcv‡i †hme G·‡cÖkb Avgv‡`i‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i Zv cv‡eb
Exploring Options As‡k|
Av‡jvPbv‡K cª‡qvR‡b _vgv‡bvi Rb¨ ej‡Z cv‡ib:
Before we move on, I think we should... ev Wait
a minute. We haven't discussed... ev Don't you
think we need to... ev Not so fast. We haven't
(yet)... BZ¨vw`|
Kv‡iv gZvgZwU ¯úó K‡i e¨vL¨v Kivi Rb¨ †hme K_v ejv †h‡Z cv‡i Zv Asking for and Giving Opinions
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As‡k cvIqv hv‡e| GQvov cÖ¯—ve ev civgk© wKfv‡e Rvbv‡Z nq Zv †`Lv hv‡e Making Suggestions As‡k| ‡Kvb wel‡q HKgZ¨ hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ cÖkœ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i:
Do we all agree (on that)? ev Does everyone
agree?
me‡k‡l cÖkœ Av‡m wgwUs †kl Kivi| wgwUs cwiPvjbvKvix ev mfvcwZ Gmgq wgwUs Gi mgvwß †NvlYv Kivi Rb¨ ej‡Z cv‡ib: That's all for today. ev That's it then.
(informal G·‡cÖkb) ev The meeting is adjourned.
(very formal G·‡cÖkb) BZ¨vw`|
Paraphrasing : A‡b¨i e³‡e¨i mvivsk Zz‡j aiv| Avm‡j A‡bKmgq Avgiv A‡b¨i K_vi g~j K_vUzKz Zz‡j awi Ges Zvi mvg‡bB wbwðZ n‡q wbB †h wZwb hv ej‡Z Pv‡”Qb Zv Avgiv ey‡SwQ| G mgq Avgiv wewfbœ G·‡cÖkb e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi| †hgb: 1) So... 2) So, what you
mean is... 3) Let me see if I understand you correctly... 4) What I think you're saying is... 5) If I'm hearing you correctly... 6) In other words ... BZ¨vw`|
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Guessing : Abygvb cÖKvk K‡i K_v ejv|
ev¯—eRxe‡b Avgv‡`i‡K A‡bKmgq Abygvb K‡i K_v ej‡Z nq| Avgiv evsjvq ewj- ÕAvgvi g‡b n‡”Q...Õ ev ÕGgb n‡Z cv‡i †h...Õ ev Õ†evanq...Õ ev ÕwVK wbwðZ bv, Z‡e g‡b nq...Õ BZ¨vw` G·‡cÖkb| GiKg wKQz Bs‡iwR G·‡cÖkb n‡jv: I'd say... ev It might... ev ...could be... ev It
looks like...ev Perhaps ev Maybe ev It's difficult to
say, but I'd guess that ev I'm not really sure, but
I think... BZ¨vw`|
GLb Avgiv K‡qKwU D`vniY †`wL| D`vni‡Y BUvwj‡· †`Lv‡bv AskUzKz ÕAbygvbÕ fvewU cÖKvk Ki‡Q: I'd say
he's about ready to quite his job. ev It might need
some maintenance. ev He could be in the next
room. ev It looks like a miniature palace. ev
Perhaps he needs some time for his family. ev
Maybe the grandsons want to come and visit this
summer. ev It's difficult to say, but I'd guess that
it's used for cleaning clothes. ev I'm not really
sure, but I think they enjoy playing cricket in the
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Stating a Preference : †Kvb we‡kl AbyivM ev Awfi“wP cÖKvk Kiv|
‡KD hLb †Kvb cÖ¯—ve K‡i ev †Kvb wKQz Advi K‡i wKsev ‡Kvb wbw`©ó wel‡q gZvgZ Rvb‡Z Pvq, ZLb Avgv‡`i DwPr f`ªfv‡e wbR Awfi“wP Rvbv‡bv| Aek¨ mivmwi gZvgZ Rvb‡Z PvB‡j Zv mivmwi Rvbv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e A‡bKmgq hv cÖ¯—ve Kiv n‡q‡Q ev hv Advi Kiv n‡q‡Q Avcwb nqZ Zv †Zgb cQ›` Ki‡Qb bv| †m‡¶‡Î Aek¨B †KŠk‡j wbR cQ›` Rvbv‡Z n‡e| †Zgb wKQz †KŠkjx G·‡cÖkb n‡jv: I'd rather... How does that sound?
ev Well, I'd prefer ... What do you think? ev If it
were up to me, I'd ... ev I think we should ... ev
Why don't we ... ev Let's ... ev How about ...
BZ¨vw`|
K‡qKwU D`vniY †`wL: 1g D`vniY: cÖ¯—ve: Would you
like to see a film this evening? DËi: I'd rather go
shopping. How does that sound?2q D`vniY: cÖ¯—ve:
Why don't we have some Chinese food? DËi:
Well, I'd prefer eating Italian. What do you
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think we should do? DËi: If it were up to me, I'd
go out for a walk by the river. 4_© D`vniY: gZvgZ
Rvb‡Z cÖkœ: What are we going to do today? The
weather is awful! DËi: I think we should play
Ludo. ev Why don't we play Ludo? ev Let's play
Ludo. ev How about playing Ludo.
Saying 'No' Nicely t f`ªfv‡e ÕbvÕ ej‡Z wkwL| A‡bK mgq Avgv‡`i‡K ÕbvÕ ej‡Z nq| †KD †Kvb mv‡Rkb w`j, wKQz Advi Kij ev wKQz Ki‡Z ejj, wKš‘ Avcwb nqZ Pv‡”Qb Ab¨ wKQz| Ggb me †¶‡Î `„p wKš‘ f`ªfv‡e ÕbvÕ ejvi P”P©v Kiv GKvš— cÖ‡qvRb, bvn‡j Aby‡iv‡a †XuwK wMj‡Z nq| GRb¨ Avgiv wKQz G·‡cÖkb e¨envi Kwi| †hgb: 1) I'm afraid I can't (+verb) (GLv‡b I'm
afraid Gi A_© fq cvIqv bv| Gi A_©: Avwg GUv ejvi
Rb¨ `y:wLZ †h...) 2) I don't particularly like (+verb-ing) 3) I'd rather not (+verb) 4) It's not my idea of (+verb-ing) 5) I'm not (really) fond of (+verb-ing) 6) Thank you (thank you for
asking, thank you very much BZ¨vw`) but, I have
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K‡qKwU D`vniY †`wL: 1g D`vniY: cÖ¯—ve: Would you
like to see a film tonight? DËi: I'm afraid I can't
go out tonight. I've got an exam tomorrow. 2q
D`vniY: cÖ¯—ve: Why don't we have some Chinese
food at the Chilies? DËi: Sorry, but I don't
particularly like Chinese food. 3q D`vniY: cÖ¯—ve:
How about taking a nice walk? DËi: I'd really
rather not take a walk this afternoon. ev Thank
you, but it's not my idea of taking a walk this
afternoon. 4_© D`vniY: cÖ¯—ve: Why don't you stay
the night here in the village? DËi: That's very
kind of you, but I really have to get back to the
city.
Demanding Explanations : †Kvb e¨vcv‡i ˆKwdqZ ev e¨vL¨v PvIqvi wbqg|
A‡bKmgq Ggb wKQz N‡U †h Avgiv A‡b¨i Kv‡Q †m e¨vcv‡i e¨vL¨v ev ˆKwdqZ PvB| †m‡¶‡Î †ek wKQz G·‡cÖkb e¨envi Kiv hvq| †hgb: Can you tell me
why... ev I don't understand why... ev Can you
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ev Does this mean... ev Do you really expect me
to believe... BZ¨vw`| Gme As‡ki c‡iB †mB †mb‡U‡ÝB
†h NUbvwUi Rb¨ e¨vL¨v Pvw”Q †m NUbvwUi D‡jL Ki‡Z nq|
Gevi K‡qKwU D`vniY †`wL: nqZ Ggb N‡U‡Q †h, Avcbvi em ‡Kvb Ri“ix Kvi‡Y A‡bKevi Avcbvi †gvevBj †dv‡b Kj K‡i‡Qb Ges Avcbv‡K cvbwb| wKš‘ †h †Kvb Kvi‡YB †nvK Avcwb A‡bK c‡i ‡dvb K‡i †LuvR wb‡q‡Qb| †mmgq Avcbvi em hv ej‡Z cv‡ib, Zv n‡jv: Can you tell me why it has taken you so long to call back?
ev I don't understand why it has taken you so