151
Figure A.4.2. The 95 per cent point wise uncertainty bounds around the median for wheat estimated in 1 ppb (0.001 ppm) O3 increments up to 100 ppb (0.1 ppm).
152
References
Acclimatise (2009). Building Business Resilience to Inevitable Climate Change. Carbon Disclosure Project Report 2008. Global Oil and Gas, Oxford, UK.
Adams, R. M., Crocker, T. D. and Thanvaibulchai, N. (1982). An economic assessment of air pollution damages to selected annual crops in southern California. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 9, 42–58.
Adams, R. M., Glyer, J. D., Johnson, S. L. and McCarl, B. A. (1989). A reassessment of the economic effects of ozone on United States agriculture. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association 39(7), 960–968.
Ainsworth, E. A., Rogers, A. and Leakey, A. D. B. (2008). Targets for crop biotechnology in a future high-CO2 and high-O3 world. Plant
Physiology 147, 7.
Alberini, A. (2005). What is a life worth? Robustness of VSL values from contingent valuation surveys. Risk Analysis 25, 783-800. Anenberg, S. C., West, J. J., Fiore, A. M., Jaffe,
D. A.,Prather, M. J., BergmannD., Cuvelier, K., Dentener, F. J., Duncan, B. N., Gauss, M., Hess, P., Jonson, J. E., Lupu, A., MacKenzie, I. A., Marmer, E., Park R. J., Sanderson, M. G., Schultz, M., Shindell, D. T., Szopa, S., Vivanco, M. G., Wild, O. and Zang, G. (2009). Intercontinental impacts of ozone pollution on human mortality. Environ. Sci. and Technol. 43(17), 6482–6487.
Anenberg, S. C., Horowitz, L. W., Tong, D. Q. and West, J. J. (2010). An estimate of the global burden of anthropogenic ozone and
fine particulate matter on premature human
mortality using atmospheric modeling. Environ. Health Perspect. 118(9), 1189–1195.
Anderson, H. R., Atkinson, W. A., Peacock, J. L., Marston, L. and Konstantinou, K. (2004). Meta-analysis of Time-Series Studies and Panel Studies of Particulate Matter (PM) and Ozone (O3).
Report of a WHO Task Group. World Health Organization, Copenhagen.
Ashmore, M., Emberson, L., Karlsson, P. E. and Pleijel, H. (2004). New directions, a new generation of ozone critical levels for the protection of vegetation in Europe. Atmospheric Environment 38 (15), 2213–2214.
Ashmore, M. R. (2005). Assessing the future global impacts of ozone on vegetation. Plant, Cell and Environment 28, 949–964.
Auffhammer, M., Ramanathan, V. and Vincent, J. R. (2006). Integrated model shows that atmospheric brown clouds and greenhouse gases have reduced rice harvests in India. PNAS 10.1073/pnas.0609584104.
Babu, S. S. and Moorthy, K. K. (2002). Aerosol black carbon over a tropical coastal station in India. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29(23), 1880.
Baccarelli, A., Wright, R. O., Bollati, V., Tarantini, L., Litonjua, A. A., Suh, H. H., Zanobetti, A., Sparrow, D., Vokonas, P. S. and Schwartz, J. (2009). Rapid DNA methylation changes after
exposure to traffic particles. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 179(7), 572–578.
Baja, E. S., Schwartz, J. D., Wellenius, G. A., Coull, B. A., Zanobetti, A., Vokonas, P. S. and Suh, H. H. (2010). Traffic-related air pollution and QT interval, modification by
diabetes, obesity, and oxidative stress gene polymorphisms in the Normative Aging Study (NAS). Environ. Health Perspect. 118, 840–846. Bamber, J. L., Gomez-Dans, J. L. and Griggs, J. A.
(2009). A new 1 km digital elevation model of the Antarctic derived from combined satellite radar and laser data. The Cryosphere 3, 101–111. Barnett, T. P., Adam, J. C. and Lettenmaier, D. P.
(2005). Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions. Nature 438, 303–309, doi,10.1038/ nature04141.
153 Bassin, S., Volk, M., Suter, M., Buchmann, N.
and Fuhrer, J. (2007). Nitrogen deposition but not ozone affects productivity and community composition of sub-alpine grassland after three years of treatment. New Phytologist 175, 523–534.
Bateson, T. F. and Schwartz, J. (2004). Who is sensitive to the effects of particulate air pollution on mortality? A case-crossover
analysis of effect modifiers. Epidemiology 15(2), 143–149.
Bell, M. L., Dominici, F. and Samet, J. M. (2005). A meta-analysis of time-series studies of ozone and mortality with comparison to the national morbidity, mortality, and air pollution study. Epidemiology 16(4), 436–445.
Bell, M. L., Peng, R. D. and Dominici, F. (2006). The exposure-response curve for ozone and risk of mortality and the adequacy of current ozone regulations. Environ. Health Perspect. 114(4), 532–536.
Berntsen, T. K., Fuglestvedt, J. S., Joshi, M. M., Shine, K. P., Stuber, N., Ponater, M., Sausen, R., Hauglustaine, D. A. and Li, L. (2005). Response of climate to regional emissions of ozone precursors, sensitivities and warming potentials. TellusB 57(4), 283–304.
Boer, G. and Yu, B. (2003). Climate sensitivity and response. Climate Dynamics 20, 415–429. Bond, T. C. and Sun, H. (2005). Can reducing
black carbon emissions counteract global warming? Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 5921–5926. Bond, T. C., Zarzycki, C., Flanner, M. G. and
Koch, D. M. (2011). Quantifying immediate radiative forcing by black carbon and organic
matter with the Specific Forcing Pulse. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11, 1505–1525, doi,10.5194/acp- 11-1505-2011.
Booker, F., Muntifering, R., McGrath, J. M., Burkey, K., Decoteau, D., Fiscus, E., Manning. W., Krupa, S., Chappelka, A. and Grantz, D. (2009). The ozone component of global change, Potential effects on agricultural and horticultural plant yield, product quality and interactions with invasive species. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 51, 337–351.
Boos, W. R. and Kuang, Z. (2009). Dominant control of the South Asian monsoon by orographic insulation versus plateau heating. Nature 463, 218–223.
Boucher, O. and Reddy, M. S. (2008). Climate trade-off between black carbon and carbon dioxide emissions. Energy Policy 36(1), 193–200. Boucher, O., P. Friedlingstein, B. Collins, and
K. P. Shine (2009), The indirect global warming potential and global temperature change potential due to methane oxidation, Environ. Res. Lett., 4, doi,10.1088/1748- 9326/1084/1084/044007.
Braga, A. L. F., Zanobetti, A. and Schwartz, J. (2001). The time course of weather-related deaths. Epidemiology 12, 662–667.
Brauer, M., Amman, M., Burnett, R., Cohen, A., Dentener, F., Ezzati, M., Henderson, S., Krzyzanowski, M., Martin, R., Pandey, K.D., Van Dingenen, R., van Donkelaar, A., Thurston, G. (2011). Exposure assessment for the estimation of the global burden of disease attributable to outdoor air pollution. Environ. Sci. Technol., doi, 10.1021/es2025752 Broccoli, A. J., Dahl, K. A. and Stouffer, R. J. (2006). Response of the ITCZ to northern hemisphere cooling. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33(1). Bruce, N., Perez-Padilla, R. and Albalak, R.
(2000). Indoor air pollution in developing countries, a major environmental and public health challenge. Bull. World Health Organ. 78(9), 1078–1092.
Bryce, J., Boschi-Pinto, C., Shibuya, K. and Black, R. E. (2005). WHO estimates of the causes of death in children. The Lancet 365(9465), 1147–1152.
154
Bungener, P., Nussbaum, S. and Grub, A. (1999). Growth response of grassland species to ozone in relation to soil moisture condition and plant strategy. New Phytologist 142, 283–293.
Carbajal-Arroyo, L., Miranda-Soberanis, V., Medina-Ramon, M., Rojas-Bracho, L., Tzintzun, G., Solis-Gutierrez, P., Mendez- Ramirez, I., Hurtado-Diaz, M., Schwartz, J. and Romieu, I. (2011). Effect of PM10 and
O3 on infant mortality among residents in
the Mexico City Metropolitan Area, a case- crossover analysis, 1997–2005. J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health, 65,715-721. doi,10.1136/ jech.2009.101212
Chahine, T., Baccarelli, A., Litonjua, A., Wright, R. O., Suh, H., Gold, D. R., Sparrow, D., Vokonas, P. and Schwartz, J. (2007). Particulate air pollution, oxidative stress genes, and heart rate variability in an elderly cohort. Environ. Health Perspect. 115(11), 1617–1622.
Chen, J. L., Wilson, C. R. and Tapley, B. D.
(2006). Satellite gravity measurements confirm
accelerated melting of Greenland ice sheet. Science 313, 1958–1960.
Chen, W.T., Lee, Y. H., Adams, P. J., Nenes, A., and Seinfeld, J. H. (2010) Will black carbon mitigation dampen aerosol indirect forcing? Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L09801, doi,10.1029/2010GL042886.
Chuang, K. J., Chan, C. C., Su, T. C., Lee, C. T. and Tang, C.S. (2007). The effect of urban air
pollution on inflammation, oxidative stress,
coagulation, and autonomic dysfunction in young adults. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 176(4), 370–376.
Chuang, K. J., Coull, B. A., Zanobetti, A., Suh, H., Schwartz, J., Stone, P. H., Litonjua, A.; Speizer, F. E. and Gold, D. R. (2008). Particulate air pollution as a risk factor for ST- segment depression in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 118, 1314–1320.
Chung, C.E., Ramanathan, V. and Kiehl, J.T. (2002). Effects of the south Asian absorbing haze on the northeast monsoon and surface-air heat exchange. J. of Climate, 15(17), 2462-2476. doi, 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2462,EOTSA A>2.0.CO;2.
Chung, C.E. and Ramanathan, V. (2006).
Weakening of North Indian SST gradients and the monsoon rainfall in India and the Sahel. J. of Climate, 19(10), 2036-2045. doi, 10.1175/ JCLI3820.1.
Chung, S. H. and Seinfeld, J. (2005). Climate response of direct radiative forcing of anthropogenic black carbon. J. Geophys. Res. 110, D11102, doi,10.1029/2004JD005441. Clarke, A. and Noone, K. (1985). Soot in the
Arctic, a cause for perturbation in radiative transfer. J. Geophys. Res. 19(12), 2045–2053. Cohen, A. J., Anderson, H. R., Ostro, B.,
Pandey, K. D., Krzyzanowski, M., Kunzli, N. Gutschmidt, K., Pope, A., Romieu, I., Samet, J. M. and Smith, K. (2004). Urban air pollution. In, Ezzati, M., Lopez, A. D., Rodgers, A. and Murray, C. J. L. (eds). Comparative Quantification of Health Risks, Global and Regional Burden of Disease Due to Selected Major Risk Factors. World Health Organization, Geneva, 1353–1434. Collier, J. C. and Zhang, G. J. (2009). Aerosol
direct forcing of the summer Indian monsoon as simulated by the NCAR CAM3. Climate Dynamics 32(2–3), 313–332.
Collins, W. J., Derwent, R. G., Johnson, C. E. and Stevenson, D. S. (2002). The oxidation of organic compounds in the troposphere and their global warming potentials. Climate Change 52, 453–479. doi, 10.1023/A,1014221225434 Collins, W. J., Sitch, S. and Boucher O. (2010).
How vegetation impacts affect climate metrics for ozone precursors. J. Geophys. Res., 115, D23308, doi,10.1029/2010JD014187.
155 Cook, J. and Highwood E. J. (2004). Climate
response to tropospheric absorbing aerosols in an intermediate general-circulation model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 130(596), 175–191.
Corbett, J. J., Winebrake, J. J., Green, E. H., Kasibhatla, P., Eyring, V. and Lauer, A. (2007). Mortality from ship emissions, a global assessment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41, 8512–8518. Curjuric, I., Imboden, M., Schindler, C.,
Downs, S. H., Hersberger, M., Liu, S. L., Matyas, G., Russi, E. W., Schwartz, J., Thun, G. A., Postma, D. S., Rochat, T., Probst- Hensch, N. M. and the SAPALDIA team (2009). HMOX1 and GST variants modify attenuation of FEF25-75-decline due to PM10
reduction. Eur. Respir. J. 35, 505–514, doi, 10.1183/09031936.000443-2009. Dash, S. K., Kulkarni, M. A., Mohanty, U.
C. and Prasad, K. (2009). Changes in the characteristics of rain events in India. J. Geophys. Res. 114, D10109.
Delfino, R. J., Staimer, N., Tjoa, T., Polidori, A.,
Arhami, M., Gillen, D. L., Kleinman, M. T., Vaziri, N. D., Longhurst, J., Zaldivar, F. and Sioutas, C. (2008). Circulating biomarkers
of inflammation, antioxidant activity, and
platelet activation are associated with primary combustion aerosols in subjects with coronary artery disease. Environ. Health Perspect. 116(7), 898–906.
Dherani, M., Pope, D., Mascarenhas, M., Smith, K. R., Weber, M. and Bruce, N. (2008). Indoor air pollution from unprocessed solid fuel use
and pneumonia risk in children aged under five
years, a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bull. World Health Organ. 86(5), 390–398C. Ding, Y., Liu, S., Li, J. and Shangguan, D. (2006).
The retreat of glaciers in response to recent climate warming in western China. Annals of Glaciology 43(1), 97–105.
Doherty, S. J., Warren, S. G., Grenfell, T. C., Clarke, A. D. and Brandt, R. E. (2010). Light- absorbing impurities in Arctic snow. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 10(8), 18 807–18 878, doi,10.5194/acpd-10-18807-2010.
Elagöz, V. and Manning, W. J. (2005). Responses of sensitive and tolerant bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to ozone in open-top chambers
are influenced by phenotypic differences,
morphological characteristics, and the chamber environment. Environ. Pollut. 136, 371–383.
Eleftheriadis, K., Vratolis, S. and Nyeki, S. (2009). Aerosol black carbon in the European Arctic, measurements at Zeppelin station, Ny-Alesund, Svalbard from 1998–2007. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L02809.doi:10.1029/2008GL035741.
Emberson, L. D., Ashmore, M. R. and Murray, F. (2003). Air Pollution Impacts on Crops and Forests, A Global Assessment. Imperial College Press, London.
Emberson, L. D., Buker, P., Ashmore, M. R., Mills, G., Jackson, L. S., Agrawal, M., Atikuzzaman, M. D., Cinderby, S., Engardt, M., Jamir, C., Kobayashi, K., Oanh, N. T. K., Quadir, Q. F. and Wahid A. (2009). A comparison of North American and Asian exposure-response data for ozone effects on crop yields. Atmospheric Environment 43(12), 1945–1953.
Ezzati, M., Lopez, A.D., Rodgers, A., Murray,
C.J.L. (2004). Comparative Quantification of
Health Risks, Global and Regional Burden of Disease. WHO, Geneva 2004. Chapter 18, Indoor Air Pollution from Household Use of Solid Fuels. Kirk R Smith, Sumi Mehta, Mirjam Maeusezahl-Feuz.
Feichter, J., Roeckner, E., Lohmann, U. and Liepert, B. (2004). Nonlinear aspects of the climate response to greenhouse gas and aerosol forcing. J. Climate 17, 2384–2398.
Ferris, B. G., Dockery, D. W., Ware, J. H., Speizer, F. E. and Spiro, R. (1983). The Six-City Study, examples of problems in analysis of the data. Environ. Health Perspect. 52, 115–123.
156
Filleul, L., Cassadou, S., Medina, S., Fabres, P., Lefranc, A., Eilstein, D., Le Tertre, A., Pascal, L., Chardon, B., Blanchard, M., Declercq, C., Jusot, J.-F., Prouvost, H. and Ledrans, M. (2006). The relation between temperature, ozone and mortality in 9 French cities during the heat wave 2003. Environ. Health Perspect. doi,10.1289/ehp.8328.
Fiscus, E. L., Booker, F. L. and Burkey, K. O. (2005). Crop responses to ozone, uptake, modes of action, carbon assimilation and partitioning. Plant Cell Environment 28, 997–1011.
Fishman, J., Creilson, J.K., Parker, P.A., Ainsworth, E.A., Vining, G.G., Szarka, J., Booker, F.L. and Xu, X. (2010). An investigation of widespread ozone damage to the soybean crop in the upper Midwest determined from ground-based and satellite measurements. Atmospheric Environment, 44, 2248-2256.
Flanner, M. G., Zender, C. S., Randerson, J. T. and Rasch, P. J. (2007). Present-day climate forcing and response from black carbon in snow. J. Geophys. Res. 112, D11202, doi,10.1029/2006JD008003, 2007.
Flanner, M. G., Zender, C. S., Hess, P. G., Mahowald, N. M., Painter, T. H., Ramanathan, V. and Rasch, P. J. (2009). Springtime warming and reduced snow cover from carbonaceous particles. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9(7), 2481–2497.
Forster, P., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P., Berntsen, T., Betts, R., Fahey, D. W., Haywood, J., Lean, J., Lowe, D. C., Myhre, G., Nganga, J., Prinn, R., Raga, G., Schulz, M. and Van Dorland, R. (2007). Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing. In, Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M. and Miller, H. L. (eds) Climate Change 2007, The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA.
Fowler, D, Pilegaard, K., Sutton, M. A., Ambus, P., Raivonen, M., Duyzer, J., Simpson, D., Fagerli, H., Fuzzi, S., Schjoerring, J. K, Granier, C., Neftel, A., Isaksen, I. S. A., Laj, P., Maione, M., Monks, P. S., Burkhardt, J., Daemmgen, U., Neirynck, J., Personne, E., Wichink- Kruit, R., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Flechard, C., Tuovinen, J. P., Coyle, M., Gerosa, G., Loubet, B., Altimir, N., Gruenhage, L., Ammann, C., Cieslik, S., Paoletti, E., Mikkelsen, T. N., Ro- Poulsen, H., Cellier, P., Cape, J. N., Horvath, L., Loreto, F., Niinemets, U., Palmer, P. I., Rinne, J., Misztal, P., Nemitz, E., Nilsson, D., Pryor, S., Gallagher, M. W., Vesala, T., Skiba, U., Brueggemann, N., Zechmeister- Boltenstern, S., Williams, J., O'Dowd, C., Facchini, M. C., de Leeuw, G., Flossman, A., Chaumerliac, N. and Erisman, J. W. (2009). Atmospheric composition change, ecosystems- atmosphere interactions. Atmospheric Environment 43, 5193–5267.
Franklin, M. and Schwartz, J. (2008). The impact of secondary particles on the association between ambient ozone and mortality. Environ. Health Perspect. 116(4), 453–458.
Frei, M., Tanaka, J. P. and Wissuwa, M. (2008). Genotypic variation in tolerance to elevated ozone in rice, dissection of distinct genetic factor linked to tolerance mechanisms. Journal of Experimental Botany 59, 3741–3752.
Frei, M., Tanaka, J. P., Chen, C. and Wissuwa, M. (2010). Mechanisms of ozone tolerance in rice, characterization of two QTLs affecting
leaf bronzing by gene expression profiling and
biochemical analysis. Journal of Experimental Botany, 61(5),1405-1417.
Fuglestvedt, J. S., Shine, K. P., Berntsen, T., Cook, J., Lee, D. S., Stenke, A., Skeie, R. B., Velders, G. J. M. and Waitz, I. A. (2009). Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate, metrics. Atmospheric Environment 44, 4648–4677. Fuhrer, J. and Booker, F. (2003). Ecological issues
related to ozone, agricultural issues. Environment International 29, 141–154.
157 Fuhrer, J. (2009). Ozone risk for crops and
pastures in present and future climates. Naturwissenschaften 96, 173–194.
Garrett, T. J. and Zhao, C. (2006). Increased Arctic cloud longwave emissivity associated with pollution from mid-latitudes. Nature 440, 787–789, doi,10.1038/nature04636.
Gautam, R., Hsu, N. C., Lau, K.-M., Tsay, S.-C. and Kafatos, M. (2009). Enhanced pre-monsoon warming over the Himalayan- Gangetic region from 1979 to 2007. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L07704.
Gimeno, B. S., Bermejo, V., Sanz, J., de la Torre, D. and Gil, J. M. (2004). Assessment of the effects of ozone exposure and plant competition on the reproductive ability of three therophytic clover species from Iberian pastures. Atmospheric Environment 38, 2295–2303. Gold, D. R., Litonjua, A. A., Zanobetti, A., Coull,
B. A., Schwartz, J., MacCallum, G. Verrier, R. L., Nearing, B. D., Canner, M. J., Suh, H. and Stone, P. H. (2005). Air pollution and ST- segment depression in elderly subjects. Environ. Health Perspect. 113(7), 883–887.
Gong, S., Zhao, T., Sharma, S., Toom-Sauntry, D., Lavoue, D., Zhang, X., Leaitch, W. and
Barrie L. (2010). Identification of trends and
interannual variability of sulfate and black carbon in the Canadian High Arctic, 1981– 2007. J. Geophys. Res. 115(D7), D07,305. Goswami, B. N., Venugopal, V., Sengupta, D.,
Madhusoodanan, M. S. and Xavier, P. K. (2006). Increasing Trend of extreme rain events over India in a warming environment. Science 314(5804), 1442–1445.
Graf, H.-F., Shirsat, S. V., Oppenheimer, C., Jarvis, M. J., Podzun, R. and Jacob, D. (2010). Continental scale Antarctic deposition of sulphur and black carbon from anthropogenic and volcanic sources. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 2457–2465.
Gu, L. H., Baldocchi, D., Verma, S. B., Black, T. A., Vesala, T, Falge, E. M. and Dowty, P. R. (2002). Advantages of diffuse radiation for terrestrial ecosystem productivity. J. Geophys. Res. 107, D5-6, 4050.
Hammitt, J. K. (2000). Valuing mortality risk, theory and practice. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34(8), 1396–1400.
Hansen, J. E., Sato, M. and Reudy, R. (1997). Radiative forcing and climate response. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 6831–6864.
Hansen, J. and Nazarenko L. (2004). Soot climate forcing via snow and ice albedos. PNAS 101(2), 423–428.
Hansen, J., Sato, M., Ruedy, R., Nazarenko, L., Lacis, A., Schmidt, G. A., Russell, G., Aleinov, I., Bauer, M., Bauer, S., Bell, N., Cairns, B., Canuto, V., Chandler, M., Cheng, Y., Del Genio, A., Faluvegi, G., Fleming, E., Friend, A., Hall, T., Jackman, C., Kelley, M., Kiang, N. Y., Koch, D., Lean, J., Lerner, J., Lo, K., Menon, S., Miller, R. L., Minnis, P., Novakov, T., Oinas, V., Perlwitz, J., Perlwitz, J., Rind, D., Romanou, A., Shindell, D., Stone, P., Sun, S., Tausnev, N., Thresher, D., Wielicki, B., Wong,
T., Yao, M. and Zhang, S. (2005). Efficacy of
climate forcings. J. Geophys. Res. 110, D18104, doi,10.1029/2005JD005776.
Hansen, C. S., Sheykhzade, M., Moller, P., Folkmann, J. K., Amtorp, O., Jonassen, T. and Loft, S. (2007). Diesel exhaust particles induce