Clinical signs of the disease may vary according to the species of fish infected. Chronic infection
1.3 Bacteria and Relationship to Host Table 1.2 lists the bacteria that may be pathogens
or saprophytes of fish and other aquatic animals.
Abiotrophiabalaenopteraespp. nov.SeeGranulicatellabalaenopteraecom.nov.179 Abiotrophiaelegans(nutritionally variantStreptococci)SeeGranulicatellaelegans Achromobacterxylosoxidansssp. denitrificans (previouslyAlcaligenes denitrificans)
659 Acinetobacterbaumannii Genospecies2HumaninfectionsIsolatedfromhumanpatientsand environment110 Acinetobactercalcoaceticus Genospecies11.Environmentalorganism 2.Oralcavityflora1.Isolatedfromsoil 2.Turtles2.Partofnormalflora110 300 301 Acinetobacterhaemolyticus Genospecies4PathogenicitynotknownforfishLesionsinorgansIsolatedfromAtlanticsalmon,channel catfish,environmentandhumanclinical samples
Norway,USA110 ActinobacillusdelphinicolaPathogenicitynotdeterminedIsolatedfromvarioustissuesSeamammals–harbourporpoise,striped dolphin,Sowerby’sbeakedwhaleScotland263 ActinobacillusscotiaePathogenicitynotdeterminedOrganismsinliver,lung,brain, spleenIsolatedfromstrandedporpoiseScotland265 ActinomycesmarimammaliumPathogenicitynotdeterminedIsolatedfromvarioustissues, (lung,liver,spleen,intestine)with otherorganisms
Deadhoodedseal,deadgreyseal,dead harbourporpoiseUK370 Aequorivitaantarctica,A.lipolytica, A.crocea,A.sublithincolaEnvironmentalisolates(memberof Flavobacteriaceaefamily)Isolatedfrommarineenvironment– seawater,seaiceAntarctica113 AerococcusviridansAssociatedwithinfectionin oesophagealdiverticulumOrganisminoesophageallesions.LoggerheadseaturtleSpain755 Aerococcusviridansvar.homari (heavygrowth)Highmortality,gaffkemiadisease, fatalsepticaemiaMayseepinkorredcolorationin thehaemolymph.Organisms multiplyinthehepatopancreas, haemolymphandtoalesserextent intheheartandskeletalmuscle Lobster,seawaterandsedimentin lobsterponds.Existfree-livinginmarine benthos.Crabsandothercrustaceans mayactasreservoirsorcarriersofthe organism Norway,Canada299 719 827
BacteriaDiseaseDiseasesignsHost/isolationsiteDistributionRef
Table1.2.Bacterialpathogensandsaprophytesoffishandotheraquaticanimals.
Aeromonasallosaccharophila (HG15) (previouslyHG14in1995) 1.Diseasedelvers 2.Diarrhoeicstools1.Diseasedelvers 2.Faeces1.Elversoneelfarm 2.Human1.Spain 2.SouthCarolina,USA527 Aeromonasbestiarum(HG2) (formerlygenomospeciesDNA group2,A.hydrophila)
PathogenicityindoubtFish,riverwater,seawater,shellfish, humanfaecesUSA13 Aeromonascaviae(HG4)1.Septicaemia,mortalitywhen organismpresentinhighnumbers 2.Infection,gastroenteritis 1.Dermalulceration,presentin hepatopancreas 2.Infection 1.Freshwaterornamentalfish,Atlantic salmon,octopus,giantfreshwaterprawn, turbotlarvae 2.Human
Ubiquitousintheenvironment Turkey,Kenya,Taiwan21 723 AeromonasculicicolaPresenceinaquaticspeciesnotknownIsolatedfrommosquitoIndia624 Aeromonasencheleia(HG16) (previouslyHG11)Non-pathogenicHealthyeels,freshwaterSpain427 379 241 Aeromonaseucrenophila (previouslyA.punctatassp punctata)(HG6)
Non-pathogenicAscitesofcarp,drinkingwater,wellwaterEurope,Germany379 Aeromonasgroup501 (formerlyentericgroup501) (HG12)
SeeA.schubertii Aeromonashydrophilassp. hydrophila(HG1) (usuallyisolatedinheavy reasonablypuregrowthforittobe consideredtheprimarypathogen)
1.Haemorrhagicsepticaemia, peritonitis,redsoredisease,finrot, red-findisease,mortality.Associated withthefungaldiseaseepizootic ulcerativesyndrome,causedby Aphanomycesinvadans,incatfishand snakeheadfish(Thailand,Philippines). Opportunisticinfectioninseal morbillivirusinfection 2.Opportunisticandprimarypathogen 3.Blackdisease 4.Pathogenicityunclear 5.Gastroenteritis 1.Erosiveorulcerativedermal lesions,haemorrhageonfinsand trunk,swellingofanus,erythema 2.Red-legfrogdisease 3.Blacknodulesonthoracic appendages 4.Isolatedincasesofabortion
1.Freshwaterandornamentalfish,ayu, channelcatfish,walkingcatfish,tilapia, trout,turtles,eels,reptiles,greyseal, occasionallymarinefish–culturedAtlantic salmon,seabass,scalloplarvae.Increase inorganicmatterandtemperaturesabove 18°CaidproliferationofA.hydrophila. Foundinfresh,brackishandcoastal waters 2.Frogs,farm-raisedbullfrogs 3.Fairyshrimps 4.Cattle,horses,pigs 5.Humans 1,2.Ubiquitousinthe environmentworldwide 3.Algeria,Germany,Spain
227 220 21 454 29 300 301 456 497 530 614 650 783 Aeromonashydrophilassp. dhakensisgroupBD-2(HG1)DiarrhoeaCytotoxicandhaemolytic propertiesIsolatedfromdiarrhoealchildrenBangladesh383 continued
Aeromonasjandaei(HG9) (previouslyHG9A.sobria)1.Pathogen 2.Clinicalsignificance1.Tissues 2.Isolatedfromblood,wound, diarrhoealstools 1.Eel 2.Humans1.Spain 2.USA143 Aeromonasmedia(HG5)1.Environmentalorganism 2.Clinical,gastroenteritis1.Riverwater.Probioticproperties againstV.tubiashii 2.Humans
1.UK15 294 AeromonaspopoffiiEnvironmentalorganismDrinkingwaterreservoirsFinland,Scotland380 Aeromonassalmonicidassp. salmonicida(HG3) ‘typical’A.salmonicida (producesbrownpigment)
Goldfishulcerdisease(GUD), furunculosisintroutandsalmonDermalulcerationshowingtypical umbonatefuruncles.Organisms penetratetounderlyingtissues, kidney,coelomicfluid,spleen, intestine Manyfish;goldfish,carp,silverperch, trout,Atlanticsalmon,marineflounder, greenbackflounder,eel,catfish,carp, cleanerfish Frogs,afterfeedingfromcontaminated trout Highlyvirulentstrainfrom NorthAmerica,Europe,UK, USA.NotpresentinAustralia
468 531 584 Aeromonassalmonicidassp. salmonicida (non-pigmentedstrains)
DiseasedsalmonHeadkidneyFarmedAtlanticsalmon Injectionexperimentsrevealthe non-pigmentedstrainproducedahigher mortalitythanpigmentedstrains
Norway450 Aeromonassalmonicidassp. achromogenes‘Atypical’A.salmonicida Varietyofpathologies,carp erythrodermatitis,goldfishulcer disease,ulcerdiseaseofflounder
Largeopenskinlesions surroundedbyareasof descalationwithsoftened andhaemorrhagicdermis Salmonidsandnon-salmonids, Atlanticcod,silverbream,perch,roach Foundinfreshwater,brackishwaterand marineenvironments Worldwide:Australia,England, CentralandNorthernEurope, Iceland,Japan,NorthAmerica, SouthAfrica 186 534 830 Aeromonassalmonicidassp. masoucida1.‘Atypical’A.salmonicidaSuperficialskinlesions1.Salmonids–(sakuramasu– Oncorhynchusmasouandpinksalmon –O.gorbuscha)
Japan438 830 Aeromonassalmonicidassp. novaGUD.Cutaneousulcerativedisease ingoldfishCutaneousulcersGoldfish,salmonids/non-salmonids, eel,carp,marinefishEngland,Japan,USA, Worldwide. Australiangoldfishstrainsare thoughttobelongtothis subspecies.Australian salmonidsaresusceptible
144 535 695 761 824 825 Aeromonassalmonicidassp. pectinolyticaEnvironmentalorganismPollutedriverArgentina615 Aeromonassalmonicidassp. smithia‘Atypical’A.salmonicidaSuperficialskinlesionsNon-salmonidsEngland47 830
BacteriaDiseaseDiseasesignsHost/isolationsiteDistributionRef
Table1.2.Continued.
Aeromonassalmonicida (atypicalstrains)Mortality Varietyofpathologies,carp erythrodermatitis,GUD,ulcerdisease offlounder,ulcerheaddiseaseof eels,ulcerativedisease Skinlesions,necrosis, haemorrhagiculcers,umbonate furunclesandswellingonhead ofeels.Sometimesunderlying tissuesaffected,particularlyin farmedfish Blenny,carp,chub,cleanerfish,dab, eels,sandeels,flounder,goldfish, minnow,rainbowtrout(saltwater), roach,rockfish BalticSea,Denmark,England, Finland,Japan,Norway,South Africa,USA
17 352 331 107 403 468 584 832 Aeromonassalmonicida atypicalstrains Oxidase-negative
Deaths,ulcerativediseaseLethargy,skinulcersTurbot,andflounderfromasalt-water fishfarm,cohosalmonDenmark,BalticSea,USA153 617 832 Aeromonassalmonicida atypicalstrains Growthat37°C DeathandmorbiditySkinulcersCarp,goldfish,roach Gardenponds,aquaria,riversEngland40 Aeromonasschubertii(HG12) (previouslycalledentericgroup 501)
1.Environmentalorganism 2.Septicaemia,gastroenteritis, diarrhoea 2.Abscesses,wounds,pleural fluid,blood2.Humans,oftenimmunocompromised2.USA,PuertoRicoand southerncoastalstatesofUSA348 2 Aeromonassobria(HG7) (nowalsocalledA.veroniissp. sobria)
1.Peritonitis,epizooticulcerative syndrome.Pathogenicityindoubt 2.Diarrhoea,renalfailure,cellulitis, necrotizinggastroenteritisinadult 1.Peritonitis 2.Faeces.Productionofcytotoxin1.Freshwaterornamentalfish,gizzard shad.Maybefoundintheintestinesof healthyfish 2.Infant,adultwithalcoholiclivercirrhosis
Ubiquitousintheenvironment USA21 259 393 452 750 Aeromonastrota(HG14) (previouslycalledA. enteropelogenes)
1.Non-pathogenicforfish 2.Diarrhoea2.Stoolsamples1.Foundinmarine,estuarineand freshwaterenvironments 2.Humans South-EastAsia(Bangladesh, India,Indonesia,Thailand), worldwide 142 178 382 Aeromonasveroniissp.sobria (HG8)1.Environmentalorganism 2.Humans1.Ubiquitousintheenvironment 2.Humans–mostpathogenicof Aeromonastaxa
Worldwide259 393 Aeromonasveroniissp.veronii formerlyknownasentericgroup7 (HG10) (previouslycalledA.ichthiosmia)
1.Mortalitywhenorganismpresentin highnumbers 2.Diarrhoea,wounds,cholecystitis 1.Hepatopancreas 2.Faeces,woundsite1.Giantfreshwaterprawns 2.Humans Foundinfreshwater
1.Taiwan347 2 178 381 723 AlcaligenesfaecalishomariSeeHalomonasaquamarina continued
AllomonasentericaEnvironmentalorganismIsolatedfromcontaminatedriverwater andhumanfaecesRussia418 AlteromonasspeciesBacterialnecrosisandsepticaemiaNecrosis,septicaemiaLarvalandjuvenilemolluscs(oyster) AlteromonascitreaSeePseudoalteromonascitrea AlteromonascolwellianaSeeShewanellacolwelliana AlteromonascommunisSeeMarinomonascommunis Aquaspirillumspp.Reportofanassociationinepizootic ulcerativesyndrome–causedbythe fungus,Aphanomycesinvadans Aquaspirilluminducedslight dermomuscularnecroticlesionsCatfish–mildvirulenceonly.Snakehead fisharenotinfectedwhenchallengedwith Aquaspirillumspecies
Thailand497 ArcanobacteriumbernardiaeIsolatedfromclinicalsourcesespecially bloodandabscessesHuman-derivedstrains274 636 Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium)phocaePathogenicitynotdeterminedTissuesandfluidsSeals.Recoveredinmixedgrowthfrom sealswithsepticaemiaandpneumoniaScotland613 636 ArcanobacteriumpluranimaliumPathogenicitynotdeterminedIsolationsitenotstatedDeadharbourporpoise,deadsallowdeerUK480 ArcanobacteriumpyogenesAssociatedwithavarietyofpyogenic conditionsMucusmembranes,tissuesOccursinhumansandanimalsWorldwide636 641 ArthrobacteragilisEnvironmentalorganismWater,soil,humanskin ArthrobacternasiphocaePossiblynormalfloraNasalcavityCommonseal(Phocavitulina)182 ArthrobacterrhombiPathogenicitynotdeterminedOrganismisolatedfrominternal organsGreenlandhalibut(healthy)Greenland600 AtopobacterphocaePathogenicitynotdeterminedIntestine,lymphnodes,lungIsolatedfromdeadsealScotland479 BacilluscereusBranchio-necrosisFoundonnecroticgillsofcarpCarp,stripedbassRussia,USA74 634 BacillusmycoidesMortalityUlcersondorsum,focalnecrosis ofepaxialmuscleChannelcatfish Organismisubiquitousinsoilandhas beenimplicatedindiseaseinhumans andparrots Poland,USA307 BacillussubtilisPartofbacterialflorain branchio-necrosisCarpPoland634
BacteriaDiseaseDiseasesignsHost/isolationsiteDistributionRef
Table1.2.Continued.
Benecheachitinovora (notonthelistofrecognized bacterialnames) previouslycalledBacillus chitinovorus Ulcerativeshelldisease,shellrot, spotdisease,rustdisease.Mildly contagious,chronicself-limiting disease Affectsthechitinousplatesof thecarapace(dorsalshell)and plastron(ventralshell).Shell becomespittedandearlylesions haveblotchydarkcoloration Free-rangingandcaptiveturtles(spiny soft-shelledturtles,red-earedsliders, striped-neckedmusk,SouthAmerican side-neckturtle,Easternpaintedturtle)
USA806 Bordetellabronchiseptica1.Bronchopneumonia,secondary pathogeninphocinemorbillivirus (distemper)infection
Lung,trachea1.Seals 2.Bronchopneumoniaindogs,laboratory animals,cats,rabbits,horses,turkeys, monkeys,humans,associatedwith atrophicrhinitisinpigs
Europe,Scotland,Denmark,UK642 Brevundimonas(Pseudomonas) diminutaEnvironmentalorganism685 Brevundimonas(Pseudomonas) vesicularisEnvironmentalorganismFoundinstreams685 BrucellaabortusBrucellosisPositiveserologyWeddellseals(Leptonychotesweddellii)Antarctica592 Brucellaabortus,B.melitensis,B. suisandrarelyB.canisBrucellosisGenerallyhostspecific–B.abortus (cattle),B.canis(dogs),B.melitensis (goats),B.neotomae(desertwoodrats), B.ovis(sheep),B.suis(pigs,reindeer, hares) Zoonotic.Usebiologicalsafetycabinet Worldwide185 Brucellacetaceae (previouslypartofBrucellamaris sp.nov.biovarI&II)
1.Brucellosis,abortion,infection 2.Brucellosis1.Abortedfetus,subcutaneous lesions,spleen,lung 2.Illnessandpositiveblood culture
1.Dolphins(Atlanticwhite-sideddolphin, commondolphin,stripeddolphin, bottlenosedolphin),harbourporpoise, whale 2.Humaninfection Zoonotic.Workwithallsuspecttissues andBrucellaculturesinabiologicalsafety cabinet Canada,Europe,Scotland, USA261 404 125 267 172 658 Brucellapinnipediae (previouslypartofBrucellamaris spp.nov.biovarI&II)
1.Brucellosis,abortion,infection1.Abortedfetus,subcutaneous lesions,spleen,lung1.Seals(commonseal,greyseal, hoodedseal,harpseal,ringedseal), Europeanotter Possiblyzoonotic.Workwithall suspecttissuesandBrucellacultures inabiologicalsafetycabinet
Canada,Europe,Scotland, USA261 404 125 267 172 658 continued
BrucellaspeciesBrucellosisOrganisminliverandspleenof whale,andinlymphnodesofsealsHarpseal,ringedseal,minkewhaleCanada,Norway261 171 BudviciaaquaticaEnvironmentalorganismIsolatedfromriveranddrinkingwaterCzechoslovakia,Sweden591 Burkholderia(Pseudomonas) cepaciaEnvironmentalorganismFreshwater,soilUbiquitous298 Burkholderia(Pseudomonas) pseudomalleiMelioidosisSepticaemia,abscessesinlung, spinalcolumn,liver,kidneyCetaceansinoceanarium–(falsekiller whale,bottlenosedolphins,white-sided dolphins,sealion,greyseal),sheep, penguin,goats,dog,galah,cockatoo, humans Foundinsoilandwater Zoonotic.Usebiologicalsafetycabinet HongKong. Diseaseoftropicaland subtropicalregions(Australia, South-EastAsia)
349 516 Candidaspp.(yeast)OpportunistinfectionCetaceans–particularlydolphins726 CarnobacteriumalterfunditumEnvironmentalorganismLakewaterAntarctica412 CarnobacteriumdivergensNormalintestinalmicrofloraof healthyfishIntestineanddigestivetractAtlanticsalmonjuveniles,Atlanticcod, Arcticcharr,saitheFrance,Norway176 Carnobacteriumdivergens Strain6251Potentialprobioticagainst A.salmonicidassp.salmonicida, L.anguillarum,M.viscosus
PresentinintestineArcticcharr(SalvelinusalpinusL.)649 CarnobacteriumfunditumEnvironmentalorganismLakewaterAntarctica412 CarnobacteriumgallinarumEnvironmentalorganismIsolatedfromiceslusharoundchicken carcasses176 Carnobacteriuminhibens StrainK1Normalintestinalmicrofloraof healthyfishFoundindigestivetractInhibitsgrowthofL.anguillarumand A.salmonicidainAtlanticsalmon412 411 CarnobacteriummobileEnvironmentalorganismProcessedchickenmeat176 Carnobacterium(Lactobacillus) piscicolaPseudokidneydisease,Lactobacillosis. Post-strippingperitonitis.Seeninfish, 1yearorolder,followingstresssuch ashandlingandspawning.Most strainsareopportunisticandpossess lowvirulence;however,otherstrains havehighervirulenceandcausehigh mortality Epicarditis,peritonitis,visceral granulomas,distensionof abdomen,ascitesfluid,bloodor blistersundertheskin.Collect samplesfromkidney,spleen, swimbladder.Virulentstrains causebilateralexophthalmia, periocularandliverhaemorrhages, andascitesfluid Salmonidfish,cutthroattrout,rainbow trout,chinooksalmon,culturedstriped bass,channelcatfish,brownbullhead catfish Lessvirulentinstripedbassandchannel catfish Australia,Belgium,Canada, France,UK,USA353 73 176 752
BacteriaDiseaseDiseasesignsHost/isolationsiteDistributionRef
Table1.2.Continued.
Catenibacteriumspp.SeeEubacteriumspp. Cellulophaga(Cytophaga)lyticaEnvironmentalisolateMarine,beachmudCostaRica163 Chromobacteriumviolaceum Pigmentedandnon-pigmented strains 1.Environmentalisolate 2.Woundinfection,septicaemia, abscesses 1.Foundinsoilandwater 2.Humans1.Tropicalandsubtropical regions 2.Australia,Malaysia,Senegal, Taiwan,USA,Vietnam
482 599 Chryseobacterium (Flavobacterium)balustinumFlavobacteriosisMarinefishUSA802 Chryseobacterium (Flavobacterium)gleumNon-pathogenictofishFoundinhumanclinicalspecimens366 Chryseobacteriumindologenes (previouslySphingobacterium andFlavobacteriumindologenes)
1.Systemicinfection 2.Clinicalsources1.Torticollis,grosslesions, granulomas,enlargedorgans1.Farmedbullfrogs(Ranacastesbeiana) 2.Humanspecimensandhospital environment
USA530 844 Chryseobacterium (Flavobacterium)indoltheticum557 Chryseobacterium (Flavobacterium) meningosepticum
1.Non-pathogenforfish 2.Pericarditis,septicaemia 3.Systemicinfection 4.Meningitisininfants 2.Isolatedfrompericardium,liver, eyelesion 3.Torticollis,grosslesions, granulomas,enlargedorgans 1.Reportedfromfishbloodandmarine mud 2.Birds(chickens,pigeon,finch) 3.Farmedbullfrogs(Ranacastesbeiana) 4.Humanpathogen USA,worldwide530 773 Chryseobacterium (Flavobacterium)scophthalmumGilldisease,haemorrhagic septicaemia.100%mortalityin juveniles
Swollengilllamellae(hyperplasia), haemorrhagicsepticaemia,swollen intestinescontainingyellowfluid, haemorrhagesineye,skin,jaw Healthyanddiseasedturbot CoastalwatersScotland556 557 Citrobacterfreundii1.Opportunisticinfection,low virulencefortrout 2.Systemicinfection
1.Haemorrhagicspotsonskin, eyeandfins.Organismisolated fromkidney,liver,spleen 2.Torticollis,grosslesions, granulomas,enlargedorgans 1.Angelfishinaquaria,rainbowtrout, sunfish,carp Commonlyisolatedfromsoil,water, sewage,food,andfromorgansof diseasedandhealthyanimalsincluding mammals,birds,reptilesandamphibians 2.Farmedbullfrogs(Ranacastesbeiana)
India,Japan,UK,USA, worldwide425 530 675 753 continued
ClostridiumbotulinumTypeEMorbidityandmortalityFarmedtrout,salmon,cohosalmon C.botulinumcanbeacommensalintrout intestineandongills.Toxinusuallynot producedinlivefish,butisproducedin deadfishaspartofthedecomposition process.Foundinlakesediment. Bacteriumproducestoxininananaerobic environment
Britain,Canada,Denmark,USA141 ClostridiumperfringensTypeA1.Enterotoxaemia 2.Myositisatinjectionsite1.Gutcontent 2.AbscessinmuscleCaptivewhales,dolphins,sealsUK312 Colwelliamaris previouslyVibriostrainABE-1EnvironmentalorganismPsychrophilic,foundinseawaterJapan849 Corynebacteriumaquaticum1.Exophthalmia 2.Clinicalinfection1.Organismseeninbrain, haemorrhagesineyes1.Stripedbass,rainbowtrout.Organism foundinnaturalfreshanddistilledwater 2.Reportedtocauseinfectionin immunocompromisedpatients 3.Foundinfreshwatersources
1.USA 2.Worldwide73 75 CorynebacteriumphocaeSeeArcquobacteriumphocae CorynebacteriumtestudinorisAssociatedwithnecroticmouthlesionsMouthlesionsTortoiseScotland180 Cryptococcuslupi(yeast)EnvironmentalorganismSoilAntarctica55 Cryptococcusneoformansvar. gattii(yeast)Death,septicaemiaOrganismisolatedfromlung,brain, lymphnodesDolphin Zoonoticorganism Isolatedfrombatguanoandassociated witheucalyptustrees Australia Tropicsandsouthern hemisphere
278 135 CytophagaaquatilisSeeFlavobacteriumhydatis CytophagaarvensicolaEnvironmentalisolateSoilJapan89 CytophagaaurantiacaEnvironmentalisolateSwampysoilGermany92 CytophagacolumnarisSeeFlavobacteriumcolumnare CytophagafermentansEnvironmentalisolateMarinemudCalifornia89 162 CytophagahutchinsoniiEnvironmentalisolateSoil89 CytophagajohnsonaeSeeFlavobacteriumjohnsoniae CytophagalaterculaEnvironmentalisolateMarineUSA163
BacteriaDiseaseDiseasesignsHost/isolationsiteDistributionRef
Table1.2.Continued.
CytophagamarinoflavaEnvironmentalisolateSeawaterScotland92 CytophagapsychrophilaSeeFlavobacteriumpsychrophilum DermatophiluschelonaeDermatophilosisSkinlesions,skinabscess,skin scabsTestudines(Chelonians)–turtleand tortoiseAustralia529 DermatophiluscongolensisDermatophilosis (referredtoas‘lumpywool’and mycoticdermatitisininfectedsheep) Subcutaneousnodulesand lesionscontainingcaseous material 1.Aquaticspecies–crocodiles,bearded dragon,polarbears,seals 2.Humans,horses,sheep,blue-tongue lizard,cat,cattle,goats,deer,monkeys, pigs,rabbits,owls,foxes,giraffe,gazelle
Australia419 308 699 Dietziamaris (previouslyRhodococcusmaris)MicrofloraSkinandintestinalfloraCarp,soilUSSR573 EdwardsiellahoshinaePartofnormalfloraFaecesBirds(puffin,flamingo)andreptiles (monitor,lizard),waterWorldwide317 Edwardsiellaictaluri Strainswithalimitedtolerance foroxygenhavebeenisolated (MitchellandGoodwin,2000)
1.Entericsepticaemiaofcatfish 2.Environment1.Initialinfectioninbrain.Petechial haemorrhageunderjawandbelly, headlesion,gills,kidneyinfected
1.Freshwaterornamentalfish,cultured channelcatfish(Ictaluruspunctatus), Danio,whitecatfish,greenknifefish,bass, cyprinidsandAnguillidae.Catfisharethe mostsusceptiblespecies 2.Isolatedfromorganicallypolluted waters,urineandfaecesofman,and intestinalmicrofloraofsnakes
1.Thailand,USA,Vietnam194 334 374 426 500 547 627 Edwardsiellatarda (E.anguillimortiferaisthesenior synonym,however,E.tardais conservedforuse.Originally namedParacolobactrum anguillimortiferum)
1.Edwardsiellosis,redpest, emphysematousputrefactivediseaseof catfish,fishgangrene 2.Systemicinfection 3.Humanclinicalsamples,diarrhoea
1.Septicaemia,andulcerative dermatitis,intestinalinfection. Lesionsandabscessesinmuscle. Troutmayhavemucopurulent dischargefromcloaca,congested spleen,enlargedliver,petechial haemorrhagesonserosalfatand gills.Eelsshowabscessedor ulcerativelesionsinkidneyorliver 2.Torticollis,grosslesions, granulomas,enlargedorgans 1.Alligators,angelfish,blackmullet,bass, catfish,eels,freshwaterandornamental fish,flounder,goldfish,marinemammals, ostrich,rainbowtrout,brooktrout,sealion, snakes,tilapia,turtles.Alsopartofnormal florainmanyaquaticanimals(fish,frogs, amphibians,reptiles,mammals,captive littlepenguins,toads,turtles),and inhabitantsofaquaticenvironmentand surfacewater.Foundinbileofhealthy pigs 3.Hasbeenisolatedfromabscesses, meningitis,wounds,urine,blood,faeces, spinalfluid
Ubiquitousinenvironment,Asia, Australia,Canada,Japan,USA374 530 606 640 711 800 804 823 continued
Empedobacterbrevis (previouslyFlavobacteriumbreve)1.Environmental 2.Clinical2.Eye,urine,bloodculture, bronchialsecretion1.Fish,canalwater.Maybepathogenic forlaboratoryanimals 2.Humans
England,Ireland,Switzerland, Czechoslovakia363 775 EnterobacteragglomeransSeePantoeaagglomerans Enterococcusfaecalis (reportedasE.faecalisssp. liquefaciens)
1.Possiblepathogen.Identityindoubt 2.Systemicinfection1.Bacteriainliverandkidney, ulcersonfins1.Rainbowtrout,catfish,brownbullhead 2.Crabs Partofnormalintestinalfloraofmanand animals.Maycausenosocomialinfections
1.Italy,Croatia 2.FrenchMediterraneancoast. Worldwide EnterococcusfaeciumNormalflora.Maycausenosocomial infectionsPartofnormalintestinalfloraofmanand animalsWorldwide EnterococcusseriolicidaSeeLactococcusgarvieae731 EnterovibrionorvegicusNormalfloraPresentingutofturbotlarvaeNorway741 Erysipelothrixrhusiopathiae1.Non-pathogenicforfish 2.Erysipelas 3.Erysipeloid,skindisease, polyarthralgia,septicarthritis,renal failure,peritonitis
2.Systemicdiseaseandskin disease 3.Skindisease,septicaemia 1.Parasiticonfish,lobster 2.Dolphins,pigs,kangaroos,emus,cattle, sheep,dogs,horses,avianspecies, crocodile 3.Humanpathogen,occupational exposure
Worldwide292 408 229 EscherichiacoliEndocarditisLesionsinheartvalvesSealionKorea435 Escherichiavulneris1.Septicaemia,mortality 2.Wounds1.Abnormalitiesand haemorrhagesingills,liver, kidney,spleen
1.Freshwaterfish–rainbowtrout,balloon molly,silvermolly,caucasiancarp 2.Humans,alsoisolatedfromfaeces. Foundinwateroffishpondsandfish faeces
1.Turkey51 Eubacteriumspp. (identificationistentative(Udey etal.,1977).Initiallyidentifiedas Catenabacterium(Henleyand Lewis,1976)
MortalityOrganismrecoveredfrombrain, liver,kidneyandbloodGreymullet,redfishUSA343 Eubacteriumtarantellae (originalspellingE.tarantellus)Meningitis.Possiblesecondary pathogenOrganismisolatedfrombraintissueStripedmulletFlorida764 FacklamiamiroungaeNormalfloraNasalcavitySouthernelephantsealUK368 FlavobacteriumaquatileEnvironmentalorganismDeepwellwaterKent,UK92
BacteriaDiseaseDiseasesignsHost/isolationsiteDistributionRef
Table1.2.Continued.
Flavobacteriumbranchiophilum (Flavobacteriumbranchiophila)Bacterialgilldisease(BGD).High mortalityAnorexia,suffocation.Lesions andwhite-greyspotsongills. Organismsseenongillsurface
Freshwaterfish(goldfish),salmonidsCanada,Europe,Hungary, Japan,Korea,USA604 802 FlavobacteriumcauliformansEnvironmentalorganismLakewater533 Flavobacteriumcolumnare (previouslycalledCytophaga columnaris,andFlexibacter columnaris)
Columnarisdisease,saddleback disease,systemicdiseaseinsevere cases Yellow/brownlesionsongills Ulcersandnecrosisonbody surface,40%ofinfections eventuallypenetratetointernal tissuesandorgans Freshwaterfish–(channelcatfish,blue catfish,carp,whitebass,large-mouth bass,barramundi,fatheadminnow),black bullhead,salmonids(browntrout),black comets,mollies,eels,neontetra,platies. Occurswherewatertemperatureexceeds 14°C,particularly25–32°C
Australia,France,Hungary, Japan,USA,worldwide89 90 88 135 211 214 543 Flavobacteriumflevense (previouslyCytophagaflevensis)EnvironmentalorganismLakewaterTheNetherlands89 533 FlavobacteriumfrigidariumEnvironmentalorganismMarinesedimentAntarctica376 FlavobacteriumgillisiaeEnvironmentalorganismEnvironmentAntarctica533 FlavobacteriumhibernumEnvironmentalorganismFreshwaterlakeAntarctica532 533 Flavobacteriumhydatis(Cytophaga aquatilis)Gilldisease.Pathogenicitynot determinedIsolatedfromgillsofdiseased salmonCulturedsalmonidEurope,USA720 Flavobacteriumjohnsoniae previouslyCytophagajohnsonae (includespreviouslynamed Flexibacteraurantiacus)
Falsecolumnarisdisease,gilldisease, skindiseaseDermalandgilllesionsBarramundi,salmonids,koiandother fish.IsolatedfromsoilandmudAustralia,Europe,France,UK, USA89 145 FlavobacteriummeningosepticumSeeChryseobacteriummeningosepticum Flavobacteriummizutaii,formerly (Sphingobacteriummizutae)Meningitis.Pathogenicitynot determinedSpinalfluidPrematureinfant.Naturalhabitatnot knownJapan844 Flavobacterium(Cytophaga) pectinovorumEnvironmentalorganismSoilEngland92 Flavobacteriumpsychrophilum (previouslyFlexibacter psychrophilusandCytophaga psychrophila) Bacterialcold-waterdisease, peduncledisease,rainbowtroutfry syndrome,finrot Erosionofthepedunclearea, ulcersonscales,leadsto penetrationintotissues Fish,especiallyfryandyoungfish,coho salmon,chinooksalmon,rainbowtrout, carp,eels,cyprinids,Japanesesweetfish. Occurswherewatertemperatureis below15°C Australia,Canada,Chile, Denmark,England,France, Germany,Japan,Korea, Spain,northernUSA
89 90 168 continued
Flavobacterium(Cytophaga) saccharophilumEnvironmentalorganismRiverwaterEngland533 FlavobacteriumscophthalmumSeeChryseobacteriumscophthalmum Flavobacterium(Cytophaga) succinicansPathogenicitynotconfirmedIsolatedfromsuperficiallesions ondiseasedfishSalmon FoundinfreshwaterUSA92 162 FlavobacteriumtegetincolaEnvironmentalorganismAssociatedwithcyanobacterialmatsAntarctica533 Flavobacterium(Cytophaga) xanthumEnvironmentalorganismMudpoolAntarctica533 FlexibacteraggregansEnvironmentalorganismMarineenvironment,beachsandGhana162 FlexibactercanadensisEnvironmentalorganismSoilCanada162 FlexibactercolumnarisSeeFlavobacteriumcolumnare FlexibacterelegansEnvironmentalorganismFreshwater,hotspring162 Flexibacterflexilisssp.– algavorum–iolanthe–pelliculosusEnvironmentalorganismFoundinfreshwater,lilypondCostaRica162 FlexibacterlitoralisEnvironmentalorganismMarineandfreshwaterCalifornia162 FlexibactermaritimusSeeTenacibaculummaritimum551 FlexibacterovolyticusSeeTenacibaculumovolyticum551 FlexibacterpolymorphusEnvironmentalisolateFoundinmarineenvironmentMexico,USA494 FlexibacterpsychrophilusSeeFlavobacteriumpsychrophilum FlexibacterroseolusEnvironmentalisolateHotspringCostaRica162 FlexibacterruberEnvironmentalisolateHotspringIceland89 FlexibactersanctiEnvironmentalisolateArgentina89 FlexibactertractuosusEnvironmentalorganismMarineandfreshwaterVietnam162 Granulicatellaadiacensand G.elegans (previouslyAbiotrophiaadiacens andA.elegans) referredtoasnutritionallyvariant Streptococci(NVS) Clinicalisolates.Streptococcithatshow satellitegrowtharoundothercoloniesNormalfloraofmouth,intestinal andurogenitaltract.Maycause endocarditis,conjunctivitis,otitis media Humans.Requirepyridoxalhydrochloride analog(VitaminB6)orL-cysteineHCl(G. elegans)forgrowth
421 179 653
BacteriaDiseaseDiseasesignsHost/isolationsiteDistributionRef
Table1.2.Continued.
Granulicatellabalaenopterae com.nov. (previouslyAbiotrophia balaenopterae)
PathogenicitynotdeterminedIsolatedinpuregrowthfromliver andkidneyBeachedminkewhaleScotland179 478 HaemophiluspisciumRe-classifiedas‘atypical’A.salmonicida.MostcloselyrelatedtoA.salmonicidaachromogenes50 Hafniaalvei1.Haemorrhagicsepticaemia. Mortalities 2.Intestinaldisorders,pneumonia, meningitis,abscessesandsepticaemia 1.Cherrysalmon,rainbowtrout,brown trout 2.Humans Ubiquitousintheenvironmentsofsoil, sewageandwater
1.Bulgaria,England,Japan313 652 Halomonasaquamarina (synonymouswithAlcaligenes faecalishomari,Deleyaaesta,D. aquamarina,A.aquamarinus. TransferredtogenusHalomonas asH.aquamarina)
MoribundSoftenedshells,opaqueareas oncarapace.Organismsisolated fromhaemolymph
LobstersUSA45 719 8 Halomonascupida (previouslyAlcaligenescupidus andDeleyacupida)
MortalitiesBlackseabreamfryJapan463 HalomonaselongataEnvironmentalorganismHypersalineenvironmentsTheNetherlands795 HalomonashaloduransEnvironmentalorganismHypersalineenvironmentsUSA,TheNetherlands,Pacific Ocean336 Halomonasmarina (previouslyPseudomonas marinaandDeleyamarina)
EnvironmentalorganismMarineenvironment66 Halomonasvenusta (previouslyAlcaligenesvenustus)ClinicalinfectionHuman–causedbyfishbite.Presentin marinewatersMaldiveIslands66 310 Helicobactercetorum1.Organismfoundindentalplaque 2.Gastriculceration1.Potentialreservoirforgastric infections 2.Organisminglandularmucosa andthemainstomach
1.Captivedolphins(Tursiopsgephyreus) 2.Dolphins,belugawhaleUSA303 327 329 Hydrogenophaga(Pseudomonas) palleroniiEnvironmentalorganismPresentinwaterGermany,Russia834 continued
Hydrogenophaga(Pseudomonas) pseudoflavaEnvironmentalorganismPresentinwater,mud,soilGermany39 834 Iodobacterfluviatilis (previouslyChromobacterium fluviatile)
EnvironmentalorganismFoundinfreshwaterAntarcticlakes,England, Scotland,Ubiquitous502 JanthinobacteriumlividumAnaemiaExophthalmia,palegills,internal symptomsRainbowtrout FoundinsoilandspringwaterScotland48 Klebsiellapneumoniae1.Finandtaildisease 2.Microflora1.Rainbowtrout 2.MammaliantissueUK Worldwide205 Klebsiellaplanticola KlebsiellatrevisaniiSeeRaoultellaplanticola256 228 KlebsiellaornithinolyticaSeeRaoultellaornithinolytica228 KlebsiellaterrigenaSeeRaoultellaterrigena228 Klebsiellaoxytoca228 Lactobacillusspp.,especially aLactobacillusplantarum-like isolate
Normalintestinalmicrofloraofhealthy fishIntestineanddigestivetractAtlanticcod,Atlanticsalmon,rainbow trout,wolf-fish,ArcticcharrFrance,Norway LactobacilluspiscicolaSeeCarnobacteriumpiscicola Lactococcusgarvieae Biotypes1–13 (previouslyEnterococcus seriolicida,StreptococcustypeI andStreptococcusgarvieae) 1.Lactococcosis,haemorrhagic septicaemia,haemorrhagicenteritis, meningoencephalitis 2.Subclinicalmastitis 3.Infection,osteomyelitis
1.Bilateralexophthalmia, darkeningofskin,congestionof intestine,liver,kidney,spleen, brain,distendedabdomen,bloody ascitesfluidinperitonealcavity. Organismseeninheart,gills,skin, spleen,eyes,kidney 2.Milk 3.Blood,skin,urine,faeces 1.Farmedrainbowtrout,eel,yellowtail, prawns,turbot,Adriaticsturgeon Foundinseawater,mud,intestinesofwild fishe.g.Spanishmackerel,blackscraper (Biotypes1,2,3,4,5,6,10) 2.Cows,buffalo(Biotypes4,7,8,9) 3.Humans(Biotypes1,2,10,11,12,13) Australia,Europe,France,Italy, Israel,Japan,NorthAmerica, SaudiArabia,Spain,South Africa,Taiwan,UK,USA
236 238 237 156 174 157 464 669 731 780 LactococcuspisciumLactobacillosis,pseudokidneydiseaseRainbowtroutNorthAmerica835
BacteriaDiseaseDiseasesignsHost/isolationsiteDistributionRef
Table1.2.Continued.
Listonellaanguillarum (Serovars01,02,08,09) previouslyVibrioanguillarum biotypeI. Mostoftheoutbreaksarecaused byserotypes01and02 Vibriosis,systemicdisease,ulcerative disease,necrosisRedspotsonventralandlateral areasoffish,ulcerativeskin lesions.Organismsinblood andhaemopoietictissues 1.Fish,molluscs–(larvalandjuvenile), ayu,flatfish(turbot,plaicefry,winter flounder,sole,halibut),lobster,eel, salmonids,(rainbowtrout),seabream, octopus 2.Shrimps 3.Crabs 1.Worldwide 2.Indo-Pacific&EastAsia 3.UK
341 222 561 563 620 Listonellapelagia (previouslyV.pelagiaI&II)MortalitiesErosiononfinsandtail HaemorrhagesonfinsandorgansJuvenilefarmedturbotSpain ListonellaordaliiSeeVibrioordalii Mannheimiahaemolytica (previouslyPasteurella haemolytica)
1.Ulcerativestomatitis 2.Disease 3.Haemorrhagictracheitis 1.Reptiles 2.Sheep,goats,cattle 3.Dolphins
1.USA709 726 Marinilabiliasalmonicolor biovaragarovorans (previouslyCytophaga salmonicolorandC.agarovorans)
EnvironmentalorganismMarinemudCalifornia92 89 162 Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus (Pseudomonasnautica)
Foundinmarineenvironments69 MesophilobactermarinusEnvironmentalorganismFoundinseawaterJapan,IndianOcean583 MicrococcusluteusMortalityPalegills,ascitesfluid, gastroenteritis,internal haemorrhages
RainbowtroutfryEngland43 Moraxellaspp.AssociatedwithmortalityStripedbassUSA72 MoritellajaponicaEnvironmentalorganismSeabedsedimentJapan585 Moritellamarina(Vibriomarinus)SkinlesionsIsolatefromsurfaceskinlesionsAtlanticsalmon,seawaterandsediment ofnorthPacificOceanIceland,Norway,PacificOcean, Scotland82 99 766 Moritellaviscosa (previouslyVibrioviscosus)WinterulcerdiseaseSkinlesions,haemorrhageson internalorgansAtlanticsalmon,lumpsucker,rainbow trout.FoundincoldwaterColdwaterinIceland,Norway, Scotland81 82 132 506 continued
Mycobacteriumspp.Mycobacteriosis,systemicdiseaseLesionsonskinandkidneys. Nodulesinorgans,softeningof spleen,kidney,liver Granulomasintissues Manyspeciesoffreshwater,saltwaterand ornamentalfish,freshwatersnails,frogs, reptiles,turtles,Pacificgreenseaturtles, NewZealandfurseals,freshwater crocodilesinAustralia Zoonotic
Worldwide592 737 MycobacteriumabscessusGranulomas,systemicdiseaseNoobviousclinicalsignsof piscinemycobacteriosis. Occasionalexternalgranuloma aroundbuccalcavityandvent, internalgranulomas
Japanesemedaka,freshwatertropical fish,blackacaras,goldfish,firemouth cichlid,oscar Zoonotic
USA474 736 MycobacteriumchelonaeMortality,granulomas,emaciation, exophthalmos,keratitis,skinulcers, abnormalswimmingbehaviour
Multiplegreyish-whitemiliary granuloma-likenodulesintissues, kidney,liver,spleen Atlanticsalmon(Salmosalar),yellow perch,snake,turbot,turtle Zoonotic Australia,Canada,Portugal, ShetlandIslands,Scotland, worldwide
133 375 204 673 737 Mycobacteriumfortuitum (previouslyM.pisciumand M.salmoniphilum)
Septicaemia,fishmaybeemaciated, exophthalmia,inflammationofskinGranulomasonskinandin tissues.Seenaswhitishspotson liver,kidney,heart,spleen Ornamentalfinfish–(blackacara,comets, discusfish,gourami,guppy,neontetra, oscar,Siamesefightingfish),Atlantic salmon Zoonotic–skinulcersanddiffuse pulmonarydiseaseinhumans Australia,SouthAfrica,Thailand, worldwide116 375 474 633 MycobacteriummarinumMycobacteriosis.Dermatitisand panniculitisincaptivewhitewhaleLesionsinkidneyandonskin. Nodularlesionsmaybesystemicin allorgans.Granulomasinorgans
Freshwatertrout,freshwaterornamental fish,marinefish,rabbitfish,seabass, stripedbass,turbot,captivewhitewhale. Skinlesionsinhumans
Australia,Israel,Portugal,USA, worldwide,ubiquitous35 111 135 218 339 474 673 MycobacteriumneoaurumPanophthalmitisOcularlesions,nodulesinmuscle andorgans.Organismisolatedwith aRhodococcusspecies
Atlanticsalmon,chinooksalmon. ZoonoticCanada53 MycobacteriumperegrinumMycobacteriosis.Shrimpappeared healthyapartfromblacklesionson carapace
Multifocal,melanizednodular lesionsincarapacePacificwhiteshrimp(Penaeusvannamei) Causesskininfectioninhumans.Found inwaterandsoil
USA551
BacteriaDiseaseDiseasesignsHost/isolationsiteDistributionRef
Table1.2.Continued.
Mycobacteriumporiferae Thisisolatehassincebeen identifiedbyPCRasM.fortuitum MycobacteriosisInternalnodularlesionsFreshwatersnakeheadfish(Channa striatus) Previouslyreportedfromamarinesponge
Thailand608 633 756 MycobacteriumscrofulaceumMycobacteriosisLesionsinkidneyandliver.Liver whiteandfriablePacificstaghornsculpinUSA474 MycobacteriumsimiaeMycobacteriosisLesionsinkidneyandliverBlackacara Foundinenvironmentalwater Zoonotic
USA474 Mycobacteriumspp. notidentifiedtoknownspeciesMycobacteriosisExternaldermalulcersandnodules ininternallesionsWildstripedbassChesapeakeBay(USA)337 Mycobacteriumspecies Mycobacteriumtriplex-likeGranulomatousdermatitisFloridskinnodules–soft, gelatinous,grey-andtan-coloured aroundheadandtrunk
Greenmorayeels,spottedmorayeelsUSA345 MycoplasmaalligatorisEpizooticpneumonia,polyserositisand multifocalarthritisOrganismfoundintrachea,lung, jointfluid,cerebrospinalfluid(CSF)AmericanalligatorUSA128 MycoplasmacrocodyliExudativepolyarthritisSwollenjoints.AlsofoundinlungsCrocodilesZimbabwe441 MycoplasmamobileReddiseaseGillsTenchUSA439 440 Mycoplasmaphocicerebrale (previouslyM.phocacerebrale)AssociatedwithrespiratorydiseaseIsolatedfrom,brain,nose,throat, lungs,heartSealsNorthSea295 449 Mycoplasmaphocidae (Mycoplasmaphocae–name correctionisnotlegitimate)
AvirulentRespiratorytractHarboursealsUSA449 660 Mycoplasmaphocirhinis (previouslyM.phocarhinis)AssociatedwithrespiratorydiseaseIsolatedfromnose,throat, trachea,lung,heartSealsNorthSea295 449 MycoplasmatestudinisNon-pathogenicCloacaoftortoiseUK350 Myroides(Flavobacterium) odoratimimusClinicalspecimens,hospitalenvironments774 Myroidesodoratus (previouslyFlavobacterium odoratum) Clinicalspecimens(urine,woundswabs, legulcer),hospitalenvironmentsUK,Czechoslovakia362 774 continued
NocardiaasteroidesNocardiosisNeontetra,rainbowtrout,largemouth bass,Formosasnakehead.Alsocauses infectionsincats,cattle,dogs,fish,goats, humans,marinemammals
Argentina,Taiwan155 Nocardiabrasiliensisand N.transvalensisActinomycetemycetoma661 Nocardiacrassostreaesp.nov.NocardiosisBrowndiscolorationonmantle, greenoryellownoduleson abductormuscle,gills,heartand mantle
PacificoystersCanada,USA270 NocardiaflavoroseaEnvironmentalorganismSoilisolateChina165 NocardianovaHumanpathogen805 NocardiasalmonicidaNocardiosisBluebacksalmon391 Nocardiaseriolae (previouslyN.kampachi)NocardiosisAbscessesandlight-yellow- colourednodulesinepidermisand tuberclesandgranulomasingills, kidney,liver,heartandspleen Culturedfish–rudderfishes,yellowtail, Japaneseflounder,seabassJapan,Taiwan155 424 455 Nocardiaspp.Septicaemia,mortalitySmallwhitespotlesionson dermis,muscle,gillsandorgans. Alsofoundininternalorgans
Atlanticsalmon,farmedchinooksalmon, marinefish,freshwaterornamentalfish. Isolatedfromsoilandplants
Worldwide,Australia,Canada, Japan,India,Taiwan,USA117 OceanomonasbaumanniiEnvironmentalorganismDegradesphenolEstuaryofRiverWearUK130 Oceanomonas(Pseudomonas) doudoroffiiEnvironmentalorganismMarineenvironment69 130 Pantoea(Enterobacter) agglomerans1.Pathogenicityindoubt–possible opportunist 2.Humans
1.Haemorrhagesineyes,dorsal musculature 2.Wounds,blood,urine 1.Dolphinfish(mahi-mahi) 2.Humans.Alsofoundinenterictract 3.Foundonplantsurfaces,seeds,water. Alsoreportedinenterictractofdeer withoutdiseasesigns
USA,ubiquitous325 291 249 PantoeadispersaEnvironmentalorganismPlantsurfaces,seeds,soil,environmentUbiquitous291 Pasteurellamultocida1.Pneumonia,death,pleurisy(fowl cholera) 2.Enteritis(contaminationfrom nearbybirdrookery)
1.Exudateinlungs,fluidin pleuralcavity 2.Intestinalhaemorrhage 1.Alligator,Californiansealion,penguins 2.Dolphins Respiratorydiseaseinsheep,goats, cattle,rabbits
USA Worldwide430 520 709 726
BacteriaDiseaseDiseasesignsHost/isolationsiteDistributionRef
Table1.2.Continued.
PasteurellapiscicidaSeePhotobacteriumdamselaessp.piscicida745 PasteurellaskyensisMortality(lowvirulence)Exhibitsignsoflossofappetite, morbiditySea-farmedAtlanticsalmon(Salmo salarL.)Scotland100 416 PasteurellatestudinisMultifocalbronchopneumoniaand commensalAbscesses,lunglesionsCaliforniandeserttortoiseUSA709 Pedobacterheparinus (previouslyCytophagaand Sphingobacteriumheparinum) (Cytophagaheparina)
EnvironmentalisolateSoil.Degradesheparin89 163 Pedobacter(Sphingobacterium) pisciumEnvironmentalorganismAssociatedwithfrozenfishJapan728 Phocoenobacteruteri gennov.spp.nov.PathogenicityunknownUterusHarbourporpoiseUK266 PhotobacteriumangustumEnvironmentalorganismMarineenvironment67 Photobacteriumdamselaessp. damselae (previouslyVibriodamselae, EF-5) 1.Vibriosis,systemicdisease, granulomatousulcerativedermatitis, deaths 2.Woundinfections 1.Skinulcersinregionof pectoralfinandcaudalpeduncle 2.Softtissueinfectionoccursdue toproductionofcytolysin
1.Bream,barramundi,damselfish, dolphins,eel,octopus,oysters,penaeid prawns,sharks,shellfish,shrimps, stingray,trout,rainbowtrout,turbot, turtles,seahorses,yellowtail.Maybepart ofmicroflorainhealthycarcharhinid sharksandmarinealgae.Australian nativeandintroducedfish 2.Humans
Australia,Denmark,Europe, Japan,Spain,USA268 429 504 506 555 590 618 705 745 Photobacteriumdamselaessp. piscicida (previouslyPasteurellapiscicida, Flavobacteriumpiscicida, Pseudomonaspiscicida)
Pasteurellosis,fishpseudotuberculosisBacterialcoloniesandwhite nodulesinspleen,kidneyBass,Japaneseflounder,gilt-headsea bream,seabass,stripedbass,sole,white perch,yellowtail.Farmedandwildfish Europe,France,Greece,Italy, Japan,Malta,Portugal, Scotland,Spain,Taiwan, Turkey,USA NotinAustralia
289 57 60 140 273 333 518 745 855 continued
PhotobacteriumfischeriSeeVibriofischeri–homotypicsynonym PhotobacteriumhistaminumConsideredalatersubjectivesynonymofPhotobacteriumdamselaessp.damselae437 595 Photobacteriumiliopiscarium (previouslyVibrioiliopiscarius)Non-pathogenicIntestineHerring,coalfish,salmonandcodliving incoldwaters599 767 PhotobacteriumleiognathiNon-pathogenicLightorganMicrofloraoftheluminousorganofasea fish,Leiognathus643 PhotobacteriumlogeiSeeVibriologei. PhotobacteriumphosphoreumEnvironmentalorganism MaycausespoilageofseafoodMarineenvironment.Symbiotic associationwithmarineanimalsinlight organsofteleostfishes
67 PhotobacteriumprofundumEnvironmentalisolateIsolatedfromdeepseasediment586 PlanococcuscitreusEnvironmentalisolateMotileGram-positivecoccusisolated fromseawater,marineclamandfrozen boiledshrimp
326 PlanococcuskocuriiEnvironmentalisolateSkinofNorthSeacod,fishcuringbrine, frozenboiledshrimp,frozenprawnJapan326 Planococcusspp. presumptiveidentificationMortalityPalegills,ascitesfluid, gastroenteritis,internal haemorrhages
RainbowtroutfryEngland43 Planomicrobiumokeanokoites (previouslyPlanococcus okeanokoitesandFlavobacterium okeanokoites)
EnvironmentalorganismIsolatedfrommarinemudJapan566 Plesiomonasshigelloides (previouslyAeromonas shigelloides) PossibleopportunistpathogenEmaciation,petechial haemorrhagesinintestineAfricancatfish,eel,gourami,rainbow trout,sturgeon.Captivepenguin,aquatic reptiles,ubiquitousinenvironment Australia,Germany,Portugal195 443 Providenciarettgeri (alsoknownasProteusrettgeri)SepticaemiaOrganismisolatedfrominternal organs,ulcerativeexternallesionsSilvercarp AssociatedwithpoultryfaecesIsrael79
BacteriaDiseaseDiseasesignsHost/isolationsiteDistributionRef
Table1.2.Continued.
Providenciarustigianii (previouslyP.friedericiana)NormalfloraFaecesPenguins(Aptenodytespatagonica, Eudyptescrestatus,Pyoscelispapua, Spheniscusdemersus,Spheniscus humboldti)
PenguinsinzooinGermany559 Pseudoalteromonas(Alteromonas) antarcticaEnvironmentalorganismMuddysoilsandsedimentsincoastal areasAntarctica115 PseudoalteromonasbacteriolyticaRed-spotdiseaseOrganismproducesaredpigment ontheLaminariaandinduces damagestotheseedsupply
CulturebedsofLaminariajaponicaJapan677 Pseudoalteromonas(Alteromonas) citrea1.Environmentalisolate 2.Microflora1.Marinesurfacewater 2.Far-easternmussel(Crenomytilus grayanusandPatinopectenyessoensis), molluscs,ascidians,sponges
1.MediterraneanSea,France 2.SeaofJapan,BeringSea285 396 Pseudoalteromonas(Alteromonas) denitrificansEnvironmentalorganismNorwayfiordcoast239 Pseudoalteromonas(Alteromonas) distinctaMicrofloraMarinespongeKomandorskieIslands,Russia394 Pseudoalteromonaselyakovii (previouslyAlteromonaselyakovii)1.Spotdisease 2.Microflora1.Fronds1.Spot-woundedfrondsofLaminaria japonica 2.Far-easternmussel(Crenomytilus grayanus) 1.SeaofJapan 2.TroitsaBay(Russia),Seaof Japan
679 Pseudoalteromonas(Alteromonas) espejianaEnvironmentalisolateMarineenvironmentCaliforniancoast150 Pseudoalteromonasflavipulchra (previouslyPseudoalteromonas andAlteromonasaurantia)
EnvironmentalorganismSurfaceseawaterMediterranean,France398 286 Pseudoalteromonas(Alteromonas) luteoviolaceaEnvironmentalorganismMediterranean,France287 PseudoalteromonasmaricalorisEnvironmentalorganismMarinesponge(Fascaplysinopsis reticulata)CoralSea398 Pseudoalteromonas(Alteromonas) nigrifaciensNon-pathogenicIsolatedfromseawaterandmusselsJapan395 continued
Pseudoalteromonaspiscicida (previouslyAlteromonaspiscicida, Pseudomonaspiscicida, Flavobacteriumpiscicida)
Diseasedeggs,mortalityEggsDamselfish(Pomacentridae)Greece,Japan,USA288 77 134 572 Pseudoalteromonasrubra (previouslyAlteromonasrubra)EnvironmentalorganismMarinewaterMediterranean,France283 PseudoalteromonasulvaeEnvironmentalisolateInhibitsgerminationofmarine algalsporesandsettlementof invertebratelarvae
Marineenvironment.Foundonthe surfaceofmarinealgaUlvalactucaAustralia231 Pseudoalteromonas(Alteromonas) undinaEnvironmentalisolateMarineenvironmentCaliforniancoast150 PseudomonasanguillisepticaRedspotdiseaseofeels.Associated withwinterdiseaseinseabream. Septicaemia
Haemorrhagicandulcerative lesions,haemorrhagesineye, nose,operculum,brain,liver, kidney Eels,rainbowtrout,marinefish,sea bass,seabream,ayu,salmon,herring, stripedjack,turbot Denmark,Finland,France, Japan,Scotland,Spain, Taiwan.NotinAustralia
225 96 465 719 541 799 828 Pseudomonaschlororaphis1.Mortality 2.OpportunistpathogenHaemorrhages,increasedascites fluid1.Amagotrout 2.Crayfish1.Japan 2.UK332 Pseudomonasfluorescens1.Mortalities,septicaemia. Opportunistpathogen 2.Associatedwith‘atypicalBGD’, watertemperature<10°C
1.Whitenodulesinspleen, abscessesinswimbladder.Fin ortailrot 2.Bacteriaongills,bacterialcells adheretolamellarepithelium 1.Freshwaterornamentalfish–carp, redoscar,tilapia,goldfish,seabream, rainbowtrout 2.Culturedsalmonids(rainbowtrout, chinooksalmon,Atlanticsalmon)
1.Worldwide,Japan 2.Canada,Chile,Norway460 548 604 693 PseudomonasplecoglossicidaBacterialhaemorrhagicascites– heavymortalityBloodyascitesCulturedayuJapan582 PseudomonaspseudoalcaligenesMortalitiesSkinulcerationRainbowtroutScotland42 PseudomonasputidaHaemorrhagicascitesAtlanticsalmon,yellowtailJapan.Ubiquitousin environment461 PseudomonasputrefaciensSeeShewanellaalgae,S.balticaandS.putrefaciens
BacteriaDiseaseDiseasesignsHost/isolationsiteDistributionRef
Table1.2.Continued.
PseudomonasstanieriEnvironmentalorganismFoundinmarineenvironment69 Pseudomonasstutzeri (Pseudomonasperfectomarina isajuniorsynonym) 1.Lesions1.Lesions1.Octopus 2.Human,clinicalmaterial Foundinwastewater,waterandsoiland marineenvironments 1.USA 2.Denmark,Argentina,Spain, USA
69 359 Psychroflexus(Flavobacterium) gondwanensisEnvironmentalorganismAntarcticenvironmentAntarctica533 Rahnellaaquatilis1.Environmentalorganism 2.Clinicalpathogen–rare. Bacteraemia,woundinfection,urinary infection,respiratoryinfection
1.Isolatedfromwaterandsnails 2.Humans1.France,ubiquitous,USA 2.Koreaandelsewhere124 151 506 599 Raoultellaornithinolytica (previouslyknownas ornithine-positiveKlebsiella oxytoca)
Environmentalorganism228 Raoultellaplanticola (previouslyKlebsiellaplanticola andK.trevisanii) EnvironmentalorganismFoundinunpollutedwater(drinkingand surfacewater),soil,plantsand occasionallymammaliantissue
Europe256 402 228 Raoultellaterrigena (previouslyKlebsiellaterrigena)EnvironmentalorganismFoundinunpollutedwater(drinkingand surfacewater),soil,plantsand occasionallymammaliantissue.Maybe involvedinnosocomialinfectionsand neonatalinfections
Europe402 228 RenibacteriumsalmoninarumBacterialkidneydiseaseExophthalmia,blistersonflank, ulcers,abscesses,lesionsin organs.Grey-whiteenlarged necroticabscessesseeninkidney
Salmonids–browntrout,rainbowtrout, brooktrout,chinooksalmon,cohosalmon, Atlanticsalmon,ayu Canada,Chile,Denmark, France,Germany,Iceland, Japan,Spain,USA,Yugoslavia, notinAustralia
564 671 Rhodococcus(luteus)fasciansMicrofloraSkinandintestinalfloraCarp,soilUSSR573 Rhodococcusspp.Panophthalmitis,ocularoedema. PathogenicitynotdeterminedOcularlesions,nodulesinmuscle andorgans.Foundinassociation withMycobacteriumneoaurum
ChinooksalmonCanada53 RoseobactergallaeciensisNormalfloraBacterialfloraonlarvaeofscallopScallopPectenmaximusEurope662 continued
RoseobacterspeciesstrainCVSPJuvenileoysterdisease(JOD)Reducedgrowthrate,fragileand unevenshellmargins,cuppingof leftvalve Internally–mantleretraction, lesions,proteinaceousdeposits (conchiolin)insideshell
Hatcheryrearedoysters(Crassostrea virginica)USA104 105 Salegentibacter(Flavobacterium) salegensEnvironmentalorganismHypersalinelakeAntarctica533 Salinivibrio(Vibrio)costicolassp. costicolaEnvironmentalorganismHypersalineenvironmentsCanaryIslands,Spain279 371 SalmonellaarizonaeSepticaemiaOrganismisolatedfromorgansPirarucu(tropicalfreshwaterfish)inzoo aquariumJapan447 SalmonelladurhamCarrierstateCloacalswabsAfricanmudturtle,yellow-spotted Amazonturtle,helmetedterrapin,Eastern boxturtle,Northerndiamondbackterrapin, Mississippimapturtle,Travancore crownedturtle,Caspianterrapin,painted turtle,red-earedturtle,stinkpotturtle
USA606 Salmonellaenteritidis,S.havana, S.newport,S.typhimuriumCarrierstateFaecesGentoopenguins,macaronipenguins, grey-headedalbatross,AntarcticfursealsBirdIslandSouthGeorgian archipelago–Antarctica612 Salmonellaheidelberg,S.newport, S.oranienburgCarrierstateinhealthyanimals,or mildgastroenteritisRectalswabsCaliforniansealionpups,Northernfur sealpupsUSA298 SalmonellagroupOtypeBDeathandillnessSeaturtles(Cheloniamydas)WesternAustralia592 SerratiafonticolaEnvironmentalorganismWater,spring-water,soil,wildbirds,gut contentofslugsandsnailsUbiquitous290 558 SerratialiquefaciensMortalities,septicaemia.Opportunistic pathogenKidney,spleen,liveraffected. Bloodyascites,haemorrhagesin tissues.Rednessandswelling aroundanusinArcticcharr
Arcticcharr,Atlanticsalmon,turbot.France,Scotland,USA (mid-Atlanticregion)500 538 715 791 SerratiamarcescensPathogenicityindoubt–opportunistKidneyBass,trout,whiteperchUSA pollutedriver76 SerratiaplymuthicaPathogenicityindoubt–opportunist. IsolatedfrommoribundtroutOrganismsininternalorgansRainbowtrout.Associationwithpollution bydomesticsewageScotland,Spain42 579
BacteriaDiseaseDiseasesignsHost/isolationsiteDistributionRef
Table1.2.Continued.
Shewanellaalgae previouslyidentifiedas Shewanella(Pseudomonas) putrefaciensgroupIV,Gilardi biovar2,CDCbiotype2 1.Environmentalisolate 2.Associatedwithhumanfaeces,skin ulcers,otitismedia,andfoundin bacteraemia 1.Bacterialflora 2.Skin,blood1.Redalgae,marineenvironment 2.Pathogenictohumans1.Japan 2.Worldwide,Canada, Denmark,Sweden,USA
433 360 588 792 Shewanellabaltica previouslyShewanella (Pseudomonas)putrefaciens Owen’sgroupII
EnvironmentalisolateOilbrineBalticSea851 ShewanellabenthicaIntestine,holothuria(Psychrobotes longicauda)112 Shewanella(Alteromonas) colwelliana (organismdesignatedLSTin originalreference) AutochthonousContributestooysterlarvae sediment.Adherestosurfaces suchasoystershell,glass,plastic
Estuarineoysterwater.Easternoyster, (Crassostreaevirginica)UK814 815 ShewanellafrigidimarinaEnvironmentalisolateIce,icealgalbiomass,cyanobacterialmatAntarctica112 ShewanellagelidimarinaEnvironmentalisolateIceAntarctica112 Shewanellahanedai (Alteromonashanedai)EnvironmentalisolateSediment,marineenvironmentArctic409 ShewanellajaponicaEnvironmentalisolateFoundinseawaterandthemussel (Protothacajedoensis).DigestsagarCoastalareaofSeaofJapan397 Shewanellaoneidensis (formerlyShewanellasp.MR-1)EnvironmentalisolateLakewaterOneidaLake,LakeMichegan, USAandBlackSea782 ShewanellapealeanaNormalflora,symbioticAccessorynidamentalglandSquid(Loligopealei)492 Shewanellaputrefaciens previouslyPseudomonas putrefaciensOwensGroupI, Gilardibiovar1&3,CDCbiotype1
SepticaemiaHaemorrhagicnecrosisonbody. FrayedfinsandexophthalmiaRabbitfish Foundinaquaticenvironmentsincluding marine,sediments,oilfields,spoilingfish
SaudiArabia Antarctica,UK,worldwide433 665 666 ShewanellawoodyiNon-pathogenicSquidinkandseawaterAlboranSea521 Sphingobacteriummultivorum (previouslyFlavobacterium multivorumandgroupIik, biotype2)
ClinicalsourcesSpleenHumanpathogenUK,USA364 365 844 continued
Sphingobacterium (Flavobacterium)spiritivorum F.yabuuchiaeisajuniorsynonym
ClinicalisolatesHumans365 844 Sphingomonas(Pseudomonas) paucimobilisEnvironmentalorganismClinical,hospitalenvironment,water361 StaphylococcusaureusEyediseaseCornearedtoopaqueSilvercarp.Alsofoundinmarine environmentsIndia320 688 StaphylococcusdelphiniSkinlesionsPurulentskinlesionsDolphinsincaptivityEurope778 Staphylococcusepidermidis1.Staphylococcosis 2.Skinmicroflora1.Ulcerationandhaemorrhageson fins1.Redseabream,yellowtail.Also foundinmarineandestuarinewaters 2.Humans
1.Japan,Taiwan320 StaphylococcushominisNotaknownaquaculturepathogenReportedfrommarineandestuarine environmentsandhumansources320 444 StaphylococcuslutraePathogenicitynotdetermined.Maybe pathogenicLiver,spleen,lymphnodeIsolatedfromEuropeanottersUK264 Staphylococcusspp.–S.capitis, S.cohnii,S.epidermidis,S. haemolyticus,S.saprophyticus,S. simulans,S.xylosus
MicrofloraSkinHumans320 444 681 Staphylococcuswarneri1.Diseasedanddyingtrout. Opportunisticinfection 2.Associatedwithsepticaemia, endocarditis,conjunctivitis,urinary tractandwoundinfections 1.Ulceratedlesionsonfins andexophthalmia,asciticfluid. Isolatedfromliverandkidney
1.Rainbowtrout 2.Humans1.Spain296 320 444 Stappiastellulata-likeStrainM1 (previouslyAgrobacterium stellulatum)
PotentialprobioticinJODMaypreventcolonizationofjuvenile oystersbyRoseobacterstrainCVSPUSA105 Streptobacillusmoniliformis orpossiblyfromtheFusobacterium group.Identificationforthisdisease isnotconclusive(Maheretal., 1995) BacterialdiseaseIntracellularorganismsseenin tissues.Enlargementofendothelial cellsofkidneyglomeruli Atlanticsalmon.Seeninpneumoniain koalas,cervicalabscessinguineapigs, polyarthritisinmice,tendon-sheath arthritisinturkey.Causativeagentof rat-bitefeverinhumans Ireland,worldwide169 519 611
BacteriaDiseaseDiseasesignsHost/isolationsiteDistributionRef
Table1.2.Continued.
StreptococcustypeINowrecognizedasLactococcusgarvieae StreptococcusagalactiaegroupBMortality,exophthalmia,haemorrhageHaemorrhagicareasonbody, mouth,fins.Organismininternal organs Bluefish,culturedseabream,wildmullet, stripedbass,seatrout,bullminnows. Aquariumfish–rams.Causesmastitis incattle,infectionsinmanyotheranimal species,andneonatalmeningitisin humans Australia,Kuwait,Chesapeake Bay,AlabamaUSA71 135 242 637 StreptococcusagalactiaegroupB, Type1bcapsularantigen (Streptococcusdifficile)
Septicaemia,meningoencephalitisOrganismisolatedfrombrainCarp,rainbowtrout,tilapia,freshwater ornamentalfish,frogs,mice,bovines, humans
Australia,Israel233 776 StreptococcusdifficileConfirmedasStreptococcusagalactiaegroupB,typeIbcapsularantigen776 Streptococcusdysgalactiaessp. dysgalactiae,groupCAnimalpathogenAnimals–bovinemastitis790 Streptococcusdysgalactiaessp. dysgalactiaeserovarLInfectionsandsepticaemiawith resultingbronchopneumonia, myocarditis,osteomyelitis, pyelonephritis,abscesses
Isolatedinalmostpureculturefrom lung,kidney,intestine,spleenIsolatedfromharbourporpoisesstranded orcaughtinfishingnets.Infectionsin cattle,dogs,pigsandotheranimals
BalticSea,NorthSea727 790 Streptococcusdysgalactiaesubsp. equisimilis,groupC,GorLAnimalandhumanpathogenAnimalsandhumans790 Streptococcusiniae (Strepshiloiisajuniorsynonym)1.Deaths,meningoencephalitis 2.Golfballdiseaseindolphins 3.Systemicinfection 4.Woundswhencleaningfish.Deaths
1.Cultureorganismfromthe brain.Alsokidneyandliver 2.Subcutaneousabscess 3.Torticollis,grosslesions, granulomas,enlargedorgans 4.Localizedcellulitis,ulcers
1.Barramundi,Europeanseabass, giltheadseabream,pufferfish,rabbitfish, reeffish,rainbowtrout,stingray,tilapia, culturedayu,flyingfoxaquariumfish, freshwaterandsalt-waterfish 2.FreshwaterAmazoniandolphin 3.Farmedbullfrogs(Ranacastesbeiana) 4.Humans–especiallyelderlypeopleand fishhandlers Marineandbrackishwater Australia,Bahrain,Barbados, Canada,China,Israel,Japan, SouthAfrica,Thailand,USA
223 233 235 135 127 621 625 626 530 848 Streptococcusmilleri (identificationnotcertain.S.milleri notarecognizedname)
DiseaseUlcersonflankandtailKoicarpUK41 87 continued
Streptococcusparauberis (previouslyStreptococcusuberis genotypeII) 1.Streptococcosis,mucohaemorrhagic enteritis 2.Mastitis 1.Haemorrhagesinanaland pectoralfins,andeyes.Organisms isolatedfromliver,kidney,spleen 2.Milk
1.Culturedturbot 2.BovineSpain224 754 Streptococcusphocaespp.nov.OpportunisticinviralinfectionsSealsNorway700 Streptococcusporcinus (previouslyStreptococcus infrequens,LancefieldgroupsE,P, U,V)
InfectionsCervicallymphnodesandmilkPigsWorldwide175 Streptomycessalmonis (Streptoverticilliumsalmonis basonym) StreptomycosisSalmonidsUSA41 Tenacibaculummaritimum (previouslyCytophagamarina andFlexibactermaritimus)
Marinecolumnaris,erosiveskin disease,gilllesionsandulcerative dermatitis,blackpatchnecrosis, bacterialstomatitis(mouthrot) Erodedmouthandfins,ulcerated skinlesionsMarinefish,especiallyAtlanticsalmon, chinooksalmon,seabass,redsea bream,blackbream,rockbream,northern anchovy,stripedtrumpeter,Doversole, flounder,yellowtail
Atlantic,Canada,Europe, France,Japan,Scotland89 90 91 154 551 605 725 801 Tenacibaculum(Flexibacter) ovolyticumOpportunistpathogen LarvaeandeggmortalityDissolveschorionandzona radiataoftheeggshellsAtlantichalibuteggsandlarvaeNorway324 725 VagococcusfessusPathogenicitynotdeterminedOrganismisolatedfromliver, kidneyIsolatedfromadeadharboursealand porpoiseEurope369 Vagococcusfluvialis1.Environmentalorganism 2.Clinicalsamples2.Blood,peritonealfluid,wounds1.Riverwater,chickenfaeces,domestic animals(pig,cattle,cats,horse) 2.Humans UK177 629 732 VagococcuslutraePathogenicitynotdeterminedOrganismfoundinblood,liver, lungs,spleenOtterUK477
BacteriaDiseaseDiseasesignsHost/isolationsiteDistributionRef
Table1.2.Continued.
VagococcussalmoninarumLactobacillosis,pseudokidney disease,peritonitis,septicaemiaHaemorrhagesongillsandin ocularregion,peritonitis,heart lesions,enlargedspleen,listless behaviour Atlanticsalmon,browntrout,rainbowtroutAustralia,France,North America,Norway542 682 807 Varracalbmispp.nov.Eyelesions(bloodyeye)andblindnessLesionsinkid,liver,gills, pseudobranch.Organismisolated fromeyes.Skinulcers
AtlanticsalmonNorway771 VibrioaerogenesEnvironmentalorganismAssociatedwithseagrasssediment,found inshallowcoastalandoceanicseawatersTaiwan692 VibrioaestuarianusEnvironmentalorganismFoundassociatedwithshellfish(oyster, clam,crab)andestuarinewatersUSA747 VibrioagarivoransEnvironmentalorganismSeawater Abalone–pathogenicitynotknownAustralia,MediterraneanSea (Spain)135 514 Vibrioalginolyticus1.Systemicdisease,ulcerative disease,necrosis,eyedisease, vibriosis,scalloplarvalmortality 2.Woundinfections,externalotitis, cellulitis
1.Organismisolatedfromorgans andeye,scalloplarvae 2.Woundsonexposureto seawater 1.Australiannativeandintroducedfish. Molluscs(larvalandjuvenile),red abalone,SouthAfricanabalone,scallop larvae,eel,rainbowtrout,seabream, turbot,turtles,seahorse.Shrimps 2.Humans Australia,Chile,Mexico, worldwide Indo-Pacific&EastAsia
30 300 301 650 VibrioanguillarumSeeListonellaanguillarum VibriobrasiliensisPathogenicitynotknown.Likelytobe normalfloraIsolatedfrombivalvelarvae(Nodipecten nodosus)Brazil740 VibriocalviensisEnvironmentalorganismSeawaterWesternMediterraneanSea, France216 VibriocampbelliiEnvironmentalorganismSeawaterFlorida,PuertoRico819 820 Vibriocampbellii-likeMortalitiesinjuvenilesOrganisminbrain,kidney,liver. Organshadlesionsand haemorrhage
Hatchery-rearedturbotandbrillNewZealand221 VibriocarchariaeIsajuniorsynonymofV.harveyi Slightdifferencesofphenotypebetweenthestrainsarereportedintheliterature619 continued
Vibriocholerae(non-01) HeiberggroupsI,II1.Septicaemia 2.Gastroenteritis1.Skinhaemorrhages 2.Diarrhoea,vomiting1.Ayu,goldfish,shellfish.Isolatedfrom freshandestuarinewaters 2.Humans–consumptionofrawshellfish 1.Australia,Japan 2.Africa,Asiancontinent, Europe,USA,UK
196 255 275 434 507 VibriocholeraeElTor (serogroups01&0139)CholeraHumans Foundinaquaticenvironment–surface waters
Serogroup0139inBangladesh, Indiansubcontinentonly. Pandemicstrain
275 392 9 Vibriocholerae-likeDeathLobstersUSA.(Organismdoesn’tgrowin temperaturesgreaterthan25°C) Vibriocincinnatiensis1.Environmentalorganism 2.Bacteraemia,meningitis1.Environment 2.Humanpathogen2.USA120 Vibriocoralliilyticusspp.nov. (previouslyV.coralyticusYB)PathogenofcoralTissuelysisanddeath.Smallwhite spotsseenoncoralat3–5days andcompletedestructionoftissue after2weeks
Coral(Pocilloporadamicornis).Also isolatedfromoysterlarvaefromthe AtlanticOcean
AtlanticOcean,IndianOcean andRedSea83 84 Vibriocyclitrophicus (originallyspeltV.cyclotrophicus)EnvironmentalorganismEagleHarbor,Washington,USA338 VibriodiabolicusEnvironmentalorganismIsolatedfrompolychaeteannelid(Alvinella pompejana)indeep-seaventPacificOcean635 VibriodiazotrophicusEnvironmentalorganismGastrointestinaltractofseaurchinsand marineanimals,surfaceofreeds, occurringinestuarineenvironments, seawaterandsediments Canada,Scotland,England319 Vibriofischeri (synonymouswith Photobacteriumfischeri)
1.Pathogenicityindoubt 2.Symbiont1.Whitenodulesonskin, haemorrhagiculceration,tumours inpancreasandbileduct 2.Presentinlightorganofsepiolid squid 1.Seabream,turbot 2.Sepiolidsquid(Euprymnascolopes)1.Spain 2.Hawaii106 267 342 486
BacteriaDiseaseDiseasesignsHost/isolationsiteDistributionRef
Table1.2.Continued.
Vibriofluvialis (previouslygroupF(Furnisset al.,1977)andgroupEF6 (Huqetal.,1980)) 1.Mortality 2.Environment 3.Acutewatery,cholerae-like diarrhoea.Toxinproduced 1.Organs 2.Non-pathogenic 3.Faeces 1.Plaicefry(Pleuronectesplatessa) 2.Foundinaquatic,particularlyestuarine environment.Isolatedfrommarine molluscsandcrustacea 3.Humans 1.Denmark 2.Worldwide 3.Bangladesh,India,Kenya, MiddleEast,Philippines,Spain, Tanzania,Tunisia
276 378 485 620 687 Vibriofurnissii (formerlyV.fluvialisbiovar2 (aerogenicbiogroup),groupF, groupEF-6)
1.Pathogenicityindoubt 2.Environmentalorganism 3.Foodpoisoning,gastroenteritis 1.Haemorrhagesinintestine 3.Diarrhoea1.Eel 2.Riverwater,animalfaeces,marine molluscsandcrustacea 3.Humans Foundinaquatic,particularlyestuarine environment 1.Spain 2.UK,worldwide 3.Bahrain,Bangladesh, Indonesia,Peru,USA
123 276 240 485 687 VibriogazogenesEnvironmentalorganism67 Vibriohalioticolispp.nov.Non-pathogenicMaingutmicrofloraAbaloneJapan678 Vibrioharveyi (organismpreviouslyidentifiedas V.carchariaeissaidtobeajunior synonymofV.harveyi)
1.Mortalityinsharksandabalone, necrotizingenteritisinsummer flounder,gastroenteritisingrouper, systemicdisease,ulcerativedisease, necrosis,vibriosis 2.Wound(sharkbite) 1.Whitespotsonfootofabalone. Loseabilitytoadhere.Necrotic degenerationandvacuolationin thelesion.Flounderhaveextended abdomenandredanus.Fish– organismfromkidney,eye Shrimps–blackspotson exoskeleton.Organisminlesions, eye,hepatopancreas 1.Abalone,shark,flounder,grouper, milkfish,molluscs,oysters(larvaland juvenile),blacktigerprawns,penaeid prawnsandshrimps,salmonids,seabass, seabream,seahorse,sharks,octopus. Australiannativeandintroducedfish 2.Humans 1.Australia,Europe,Indonesia, Indo-Pacific&EastAsia, Japan,Philippines,South America,Taiwan,Thailand, Venezuela,USA,worldwide
23 11 410 576 581 619 710 734 735 847 Vibriohollisae (previouslyGroupEF-13)1.Non-pathogenicforfish 2.Foodpoisoning,gastroenteritis, woundinfection,bacteraemia
2.Diarrhoea1.Presentinfishintestine 2.Humans Hasthermostablehaemolysinsimilarto V.parahaemolyticus
1.Japan 2.USA346 555 580 VibrioichthyoenteriMortalities,intestinalnecrosisOpaqueintestinesJapaneseflounderlarvaeJapan389 VibriolentusPathogenicitynotstatedAssociatedwithMediterraneanoystersSpanishMediterraneancoast513 Vibriologei1.Possiblepathogen 2.Non-pathogenic1.Skinlesions 2.Symbiontinlightorgan1.Atlanticsalmon 2.Squid(Sepiola)1.Iceland 2.WesternPacific257 continued
Vibriomediterranei1.Non-pathogenic 2.Probioticproperties 3.Coralbleaching–seeunder V.shilonii Appearstobeaheterogeneous species 1.Plankton,seasediments,seawater 2.Somestrainsareaprobioticforturbot larvae 3.Coralbleaching
Spain,Mediterraneancoast631 Vibriometschnikovii1.Non-pathogenicforfish 2.Peritonitisandbacteraemia1.Isolatedfromfowlwithcholeraic disease1.Foundinmarineandfreshwater environment,especiallyrivers,estuaries andsewage.Isolatedfromclams,cockles, oysters,lobster 2.Humans
Worldwide483 Vibriomimicus (previouslyVibriocholerae HeiberggroupV)
1.Systemicdiseaseandopportunist 2.Contaminantonseaturtleeggs 3.Foodpoisoning,gastroenteritis, otitismedia 1.Haemolymph,inflammationof pericardium 3.Diarrhoea,earinfection
1.Crustaceans–penaeidprawns, yabbies,marron,freshwatercrayfish. Barramundi 2.Reducedviabilityofturtleeggsand humanpathogenfollowingconsumption ofeggs 3.Humans–consumptionofrawshellfish. Foundinfreshandbrackishwater 1,3.Asia,Australia, Bangladesh,Mexico,New Zealand,Guam,Canada, worldwide 2.CostaRica
4 161 135 210 230 507 Vibriomytili1,2.Non-pathogenic1.Normalflora1.Mussels 2.HumansSpain632 VibrionatriegensEnvironmentalisolateSaltmarshmud,water,oystersUK,USA820 VibrionavarrensisEnvironmentalisolateEnvironmental–sewageandsurface waterSpain768 VibrioneptuniusMicrofloraDominantmicroflorainarecirculating systemforrotifers.Isolatedfromhealthy anddiseasedbivalvelarvae(Nodipecten nodosus),gutofturbotlarvae,rotifers 305 VibrionereisEnvironmentalisolateSeawater820
BacteriaDiseaseDiseasesignsHost/isolationsiteDistributionRef
Table1.2.Continued.
VibrionigripulchritudoEnvironmentalisolateSeawater819 820 Vibrioordalii (previouslyVibrioanguillarum biotype2andListonellaordalii) Vibriosis,bacterialnecrosisand systemicdiseaseOrganismsonmuscle,skin,gills, digestivetract,heart,liver,kidneys, spleen.Necrosisandhaemorrhage
Molluscs–(larvalandjuvenile),salmonAustralia,Japan,North-West Pacific,USA,worldwide680 VibrioorientalisEnvironmentalisolateLuminousmarinebacteriumChina846 Vibriopaciniispp.nov.PathogenicitynotknownIsolatedfromshrimplarvae(Penaeus chinensis)China306 Vibrioparahaemolyticus (previouslyBeneckea parahaemolytica)
1.Septicaemia,mortality 2.Witheringsyndrome 3.Foodpoisoning,gastroenteritis, woundinfection,bacteraemia 1.Externalhaemorrhage,tailrot, organismininternalorgans 2.Organismsfoundinhaemolymph 3.Diarrhoea,vomiting 1.Crustaceans(shrimps,marron),mullet, octopus,Iberiantoothcarp 2.Culturedsmallabalone 3.Humans 1.Indo-PacificandEastAsia, Spain 2.Taiwan
10 135 272 417 499 VibriopectenicidaPathogenicMoribundscallopScalloplarvae,shrimps,prawnEastAsia,Indo-Pacific,France470 VibriopelagiusSeeListonellapelagia Vibriopenaeicida (previouslyVibrioPJ) Proposedcausativeagentof Syndrome93
1.Vibriosisofprawns 2.Septicaemia,associatedwith Syndrome93 1.Brownspots(nodules)in lymphoidorgansandgills 2.Haemolymph 1.Kurumaprawns.Alsoisolatedfrom healthyprawns 2.Shrimp(Penaeusstylirostris)
1.Japan 2.NewCaledonia388 187 676 Vibrioproteolyticus,strainCW8T2PathogenAffectsmicrovilli,gutcells, devastatescellsinbodycavityJuvenileArtemiaspp.(brineshrimp), usedaslivedietsforaquaculturespeciesEurope67 788 VibriorotiferianusPathogenicitynotknownIsolatedfromrotiferflow-throughculture systemBelgium305 VibriorumoiensisEnvironmentalisolateIsolatedfromdrainpooloffishproduct processingplantJapan850 VibriosalmonicidaColdwatervibriosis,HitradiseaseSepticaemia,haemorrhagesin theintegumentsurroundingthe organs.Organismfoundinblood andkidney
Atlanticsalmon,diseasedcodCanada,FaroeIslands (Denmark),Iceland,Norway, Scotland
198 232 VibrioscophthalmiNon-pathogenicPartofgutmicrofloraJuvenileturbotSpain149 254 continued
Vibrioshilonii (previouslyV.shiloi,Vibriospecies AK-1). Latestinformationsuggeststhisis alatersynonymofV.mediterranei (Thompsonetal.,2001a,b) CoralbleachingAdheresandpenetratesintothe epidermisofthecoral,Oculina patagonica.Culturefromthecoral mucus.Theorganismis intracellularandnon-culturable Bacteriumbindstothecoralatelevated temperaturesanddisruptsthesymbiotic processwiththephotosynthetic micro-algaeendosymbionts (zooxanthellae).Heat-stabletoxin produced
MediterraneanSea59 458 742 VibriosplendidusMortalityinstressedoystersOysterlarvae(Crassostreagigas)France466 467 1.VibriosplendidusI. 2.Vibriosplendidus-like1.Septicaemia.Mortalitiesinjuveniles 2.Mortalities1.Haemorrhagesatmouth,anus andfins.Organismsinbrain, kidney,liver 2.Skinhaemorrhages,finandtail roterosion,decayofsofttissue betweenfins.Samplefromkidney andspleen
1.Gilt-headseabream,rainbowtrout, turbotlarvae,shrimps(prawns).Juvenile hatchery-rearedturbotandbrill 2.Plaicefry 1.France,NewZealand, Scotland,Spain 2.Denmark
281 254 31 221 620 VibriosplendidusIIBacillarynecrosis,mortalityLarvaebecomeinactiveandsettle tothebottomofthetankJapaneseoysterlarvae,cuppedoyster (Crassostreagigas)Japan,France721 798 Vibriotapetis (previouslyVibrioP1orVP1 orVTP)
Brownringdisease,highmortalityBrownconchiolindepositoninner surfaceofshellbetweenpallialline andshellmargins
CulturedManilaclamsEngland,France,Portugal, Spain108 146 14 609 610 Vibriotrachuri Latestinformationsuggeststhisis ajuniorsynonymofV.harveyi (Thompsonetal.,2002b)
DiseaseHaemorrhagesinorgans, exophthalmiaHorsemackerelJapan400 743 VibriotubiashiiBacterialnecrosisandsystemic diseaseLarvaeceaseswimming,tissue digestionMolluscs(oysterandclam)–larvaland juvenile,PacificoysterAustralia,UK,USA321 294 VibrioviscosusSeeMoritellaviscosa82 506
BacteriaDiseaseDiseasesignsHost/isolationsiteDistributionRef
BacteriaDiseaseDiseasesignsHost/isolationsiteDistributionRef