Part 4: Conclusions and Future Directions
A.2 Basic concepts in MCViNE
cxii APPENDIX l
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Your anticipated participation is highly appreciated.
GSM: 08033497393
Email: [email protected].
cxiv APPENDIX ll
INFORMED CONSENT FORM
(ABUTHZ/HREC/L02/2014. SEPT.2014 – SEPT.2015).
STUDY TITLE: ASSESSMENT OF COTININE AS A BIOMARKER OF
CIGARETTE SMOKING ANDSELF-REPORTED SMOKING STATUS AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF AHMADUBELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA . I ……… do hereby consent to participate in the above study.
I was made to understand that the study will be carried out byDr.AinaOlukayodeOluseununder the supervision of PROF. J U OKPAPI and PROF. AA ABBA.
I have been assured that all information obtained from me will be treated with utmost confidentiality.
I have the right to withdraw my consent at any stage of the study, and my refusal to further participate in this study at any stage will not in any way affect my relationship with the researcher.
I was also made to understand that no expenses will be incurred by me as a result of the study.
I make this declaration willingly and upon my honor.
The above has been explained to me in... (Language)
Signature / thumb print ……… Date ………..
In the presence of Interpreter / Witness
Full Name ………Signature ……… Date ……….
(Researcher’s GSM No. / E-mail: 08033497393 / [email protected]).
cxv APPENDIX IlI
QUESTIONNAIRE.
TOPIC: ASSESSMENT OF COTININE AS A BIOMARKER OF CIGARETTE SMOKING AND SELF-REPORTED SMOKING STATUS AMONG
UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY,ZARIA . Research Identity Number:………
A – Personal Information
How old are you? ………...
Weight(kg):…………. Height(m):…………
Gender : Male □ Female □
Do you smoke ? Yes □ No □
Age at onset of cigarette smoking :………
How were youintroduced? : Experimenter □ Role model□ Peer group □
B – Socioeconomic Status
Accommodation : Self-contained □ 2—3 Occupants □
4—5 Occupants□ > 5 Occupants □
Ventilation: Single ventilation □ Crossed-ventilation □
During an average week how much money do you have that you can spend on yourself , however you want?
(a) I usually don’t have any spending money □
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(b) Less than #1000 □
(c) #1000 -- #3000 □
(d) #3000 -- #5000 □
(e) #5000 -- #7000 □
(f) #7000 -- #9000 □
(g) More than #9000 □ .
C – Smoking Characteristics
Average number of sticks smoked per day -
(a) < 5 – sticks □ (b) 5 – 10 sticks □ (c) 11 – 15 sticks □ (d) 16 – 20 sticks □ (e) > 20 sticks □ .
Duration of steady smoking -
(a) < 2 years □ (b) 2 – 4 years □ (c) 4 – 6 years □ (d) 6 –8 years □ (e) 8 – 10 years □ (f) 10 – 12 years □ (g) 12 – 14 years □ (h) > 15 years □
Last cigarette smoked –
(a) 1 – day ago □ (b) 2 – days ago □ (c) 3 – days ago □ (d) 4 – days ago □ (e) 5 – days ago □ (e) > 5 – days ago □ .
Type of cigarette smoked : (a) Filtered □ (b) Unfiltered □
Nicotine content : (a) High □ (b) Low □
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(Specify quantity per stick of cigarette as written on pack if known) : ______
Smoking environment :
(a) Open space□ (b) Your hostel room □ (c) Lecture classroom □ D – Secondhand smoke exposure :
During the past 7 days, on how many days has anyone smoked inside your home, in your presence?
(a) 0 – days □ (b) 1 – 2 days □ (c) 3 – 4 days □ (d) 5 – 6 days □ (e) 7 – days □.
During the past 7 days, on how many days has anyone smoked in your presence, inside any enclosed public placesuch as school, shops, restaurants, shopping malls, movie theaters?
(a) 0 – days □ (b) 1 – 2 days □ (c) 3 – 4 days □ (d) 5 – 6 days □ (e) 7 – days □.
During the past 7 days, on how many days has anyone smoked in your presence, at any outdoor public place such as playgrounds, sidewalks, entrances to buildings, parks, beaches?
(a) 0 – days □ (b) 1 –2 days □ (c) 3 –4 days □ (d) 5 – 6 days □ (e) 7 – days □.
Can you estimate your average daily duration of exposureto cigarette smoke?
(a) ˂ 2 hours □ (b) 2 – 4 hours □ (c) 4 – 6 hours □ (d) 6 – 8 hours □ (e) > 8 hours □.
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Do you think the smoke from other people’s tobacco smoking is harmful to you?
(a) Definitely not □ (b) Probably not □
(b) Probably yes □ (d) Definitely yes □.
E – Drug and food interactions
Are you taking any of the following?
(a)Anti-TB drugs □ (b)Anticonvulsants □
(c) Antidepressants □ (d)Contraceptives □ (e) Grape fruits □
F – Adverse Health Consequences
Do you know of any health consequences of cigarette smoking ?
(a) Yes □ (b) No □
Have you had any of the following?
(a) Cough □(b) Shortness of breath □ (c) Asthma □
(d) Mouth sores □ (e) Peptic ulcer disease □ (f) Skin allergy or sensitivity □ (g) High blood pressure □ (h) Diabetes □ (i) Coronary artery disease □
(j) Head injury □ (k) Seizures □ (l) Stroke □
(m) Eating disorders □ (n) Anxiety □ (o) Depression □ G – Addiction (Fagerstrom’s Test for Nicotine Dependence)97
How soon after waking do you smoke your first cigarette ?
cxix (a) Within 5-minutes □ 3-points (b) 5 – 30 minutes □ 2- points (c) 31 – 60 minutes □ 1- point (d) After 60 minutes □ 0 points
Do you find it difficult to refrain from smoking in places where it is forbidden ?(eg library,theatreetc).
(a) Yes □ 1- point, (b) No □ 0- points.
Which cigarette would you hate to give up ?
(a) The first in the morning □ 1- point, (b) Any other □ 0- points.
How many cigarettes a day do you smoke ?
(a) 10 or less □ 0- points, (b) 11 – 20 □ 1- point,
(c) 21 – 30 □ 2- points , (d) 31 or more □ 3- points.
Do you smoke more frequently in the morning ?
(a) Yes □ 1- point , (b) No □ 0- points.
Do you smoke even when you are sick enough to be in bed most of the day ?
(a) Yes □ 1- point , (b) No □ 0- points.
H – Cessation
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Are you planning to stop using tobacco ?
(a) Yes, I’ve already stopped □ (b) Yes, plan to stop today □ (c) Yes, in the next 30- days □ (d) Yes, within the next 6- months □
(e) Not sure □
(f) No, I’m not planning to stop for good □ I – Physical Examination
General
a. Cyanosis □
b. Conjunctival injection □
c. Nicotione stains – on tooth or fingers □
d. SPO2 □________
e. PEF □________
f. Blood Pressure □________
Chest
a. Normal □
b. Hyperinflation □
c. Consolidation □
d. Collapse □
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e. Fibrosis □
f. Effusion. □
g. Wheeze / Rhonchi □
h. Crackles □
Thank you for participating in this study.
J – For Official Use
PEF % = PEF observed / PEF predicted98 =
(a) > 80% predicted □ (b) 50 – 80% predicted □ (b) 30 – 49% predicted □ (d) < 30% predicted □
Fagerstrom’s score97=
(a)1—2 □ (b)3—4 □ (c)5—7 □ (d)>8 □
Creatinine clearance99 =
Or GFR (ml/min/1.73m2) of (a) > 90 □ (b) 60 – 90 □ (c) 30 – 59 □ (d) 15 – 29 □ (e) < 15 □
*NB - Fagerstrom’s score 1-2 = low dependence 3-4 = low to moderate dependence 5-7 = moderate dependence 8+ = high dependence.
cxxii APPENDIX lV
BUDGET
1. Stationery and printing ……… ₦ 50,000. 00 2. Weighing scale ………...……….. ₦ 5,000. 00 3. Stadiometer ………. free
4. PEF meters/calculator ..………..……… free
5. 316 EDTA/316Universal bottles ………...………….. ₦ 20,000. 00 6. Needle and syringes ……….. ₦ 5,000. 00 7. Ice packs x 10 ………...…… ₦ 10,000. 00 8. ELISA analysis (serum/urine cotinine) ………..….. ₦ 600,000. 00**
9. Chemical pathology (renal/liver function tests) …………...… ₦ 400,000. 00 10. Miscellaneous …………..……… ₦ 100,000. 00 Total ………..……….. ₦ 1,190,000. 00
** Cost escalated by over # 300,000.00 due to inflation.
cxxiii APPENDIX V
ETHICAL CLEARANCE CERTIFICATE
APPENDIX Vl
UNIVERSITY AUTHORITY PERMISSION LETTER
cxxiv PHOTO GALLERY
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In Clockwise Rotation :@ 12-O’Clock => Sample collection kits :- disposable gloves, cotton wool, methylated spirit, syringes and needles, red torniquette and sample bottles. @ 3-O’Clock :
sphygmomanometer, stethoscope, pulse oximeter and torniquette. @ 6-O’Clock : Lung Function Calculator (LN-37). @ 9-O’Clock : weighing scale with stadiometer. Centrally : the Aina kids.
PHOTO GALLERY CONT’D.
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In Clockwise Rotation : @ 12-O’Clock :- Pulse Oximeter. @ 3-O’Clock :- MicroPeak peak flow meters.@ 6-O’Clock :- Human Cotinine Elisa Kits. @ 9-O’Clock :- Samples of packs of cigarettes commonly smoked by subjects with inscribed Nicotine Concentrations.
Centrally : The AINAs.
PHOTO GALLERY CONT’D.