1. Blood: Blood may be described as specialized connective tissue in which there is liquid intercellular substance known as plasma and formed elements, the RBC, the WBC, platelets suspended in the plasma.
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WHEN, WHY AND WHERE IN ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY
2. Pain: Pain is an ill defined, unpleasant sensation, usually evoked by an external or internal noxious stimulus.
3. Allergy: A hypersensitive state acquired through exposure to a particular allergen (drug) re-exposure to which produces a heightened capacity to react.
4. Idiosyncracy: It is genetically determined abnormal reactivity to a chemical. These are uncharacteristic or bizarre drug effect due to peculiarities of an individuals.
5. Sterilization: It is process by which all microbial forms are destroyed.
6. Syncope (fainting, black out): Refers to a sudden, transient loss of consciousness, usually secondary to, cerebral ischemia with a resulting fall to the ground if the person is unsupported.
7. Shock: An acute generalized, inadequate perfusion of critical organ, that is continued will produce serious pathophysiological consequences. Hemodynamic, endocrine and metabolic alterations and produce clinical signs of shock.
8. Anaphylactic shock: Severe, allergic (hyper-sensitivity) reaction resulting from injection of a substance to which an individual or animal has become sensitized.
9. Anaphylaxis: A rapidly developing immunologic reaction occurring within minute after the combination of an antigen with antibody bound to mast cells or basophils in individuals or animals previously sensitized to the antigen.
10. Hemorrhage: It is the escape of blood from the vascular system.
11. Hemophilia: It is inherited sex linked anomaly of clotting mechanism transmitted by female to male
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CHAPTER ONE: AN OVERVIEW
in which female do not suffer while male are affected and characterized by a prolonged clotting time and hemorrhagic tendencies.
12. Purpura: It is bleeding disorder characterized by tendency to petechial hemorrhage under skin.
Bleeding time is prolonged but coagulation time remains normal. There is diminuation of platelets in blood.
13. Hematoma: Escape of blood in extravascular space.
14. Sepsis: It is the breakdown of the living tissue by action of microorganism usually accompanied by inflammation.
15. Asepsis: Medical asepsis attempt to keep patients, health care staff and objects as free as possible of agents that cause infection. Surgical asepsis is attempt to prevent microbes from gaining access to wounds.
16. Antiseptic: A chemical that is applied to living tissues such as skin, mucous membrane to reduce the number of microorganism present through inhibition of their activity or destruction.
17. Disinfectant: A chemical used on non-living object to kill surface vegetative pathogenic organisms but not necessarily spore forms or viruses.
18. Aerobic bacteria: A microorganism that is able to live and grow in the presence of oxygen. Facultative a microorganism which prefers oxygen free environment but can grow in presence of oxygen.
Obligatory A microorganism that can live and grow only in presence of oxygen.
19. Anaerobic bacteria: A microorganism that can live and grow in the absence of oxygen. Facultative-organism that prefers oxygen environment but is capable of living and growing in its absence.
Obligatory—organism that can live and grow only in absence of oxygen.
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WHEN, WHY AND WHERE IN ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY
20. Bacteremia: It is defined as presence of small number of bacteria in the blood which does not multiply significantly, not detected microscopically. Blood culture is done for their detection. For example, Salmonella typhi, E. coli, etc.
21. Septicemia means presence of rapidly multiplying highly pathogenic bacteria in the blood. For example, pyogenic cocci and bacilli.
22. Pyemia: It is the dissemination of small septic thrombi in the blood which cause their effects at the site where they are lodged. This can result in pyemic abscess or septic infarcts.
23. Toxemia: The condition resulting from the spread of bacterial product by the bloodstream or condition resulting from metabolic disturbances.
24. Sinus: A blind tract (open at one end) lined by epithelium.
25. Fistula: A track open at both ends and lined by epithelium.
26. Ulcer: A localized loss of surface continuity of the skin or mucous membrane.
27. Inflammation: It is the local reaction of the tissue to an injury or an abnormal stimulation caused by a physical, chemical or biologic agent. It is characterized by:
a. Swelling b. Pain c. Redness
d. Warmth or heat
e. Loss of function.“Dolor, Tumor, Rubor, Color, Functiolesio”.
28. Vaccines are biological products which act by reinfor-cing the immunological defense of the body against foreign agencies (mostly infecting organisms or their toxins).
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CHAPTER ONE: AN OVERVIEW
29. Tumor (Neoplasm): A circumscribed, noninflamm-atory, abnormal growth arising from the body surface.
30. Cancer: A general term used to indicate any malignant neoplasm which shows invasiveness and resulting death of the patient.
31. Antibiotics: These are substances produced by microorganisms, which suppress the growth of other microorganisms (known as bacteriostatic antibiotic) or kill the other microorganisms (known as bactericidal antibiotic) at very low concentration.
32. Analgesic: A drug that selectively relieves pain acting in the central nervous system or on peripheral pain mechanisms without significantly altering consciousness.
33. Normal occlusion: It is a accepted relationship of the teeth in the same jaw to each other and those to the opposing jaw, when teeth are approximated, condyle are in centric position to glenoid fossa.
34. Malocclusion: A condition where deviation from the normal relation of the teeth, to the other teeth in the same arch and to the opposing arch.
35. Causalgia: It is a term to apply to serve pain which arises after injury to or sectioning of peripheral sensory nerve. It is usually followed by extraction of a multirooted tooth particularly when extraction is difficult or traumatic.
36. Dry socket: It is a postextraction complication in which there is a loss of the blood clot from the socket and characterized by:
a. Extreme pain b. Foul smell
c. No suppuration, occasionally seen after a single or multiple tooth extraction.
37. Trismus: Terms refers to tonic spasm of the muscles of mastication or it is defined as a motor disturbance
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WHEN, WHY AND WHERE IN ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY
of the trigeminal nerve especially spasm of the masticatory muscle with difficulty in opening the mouth.
38. Biopsy: It is the removal of the tissue specimen either totally or partial for microscopic examination and diagnosis.
39. Cryosurgery: It is clinical application of extreme low temperature to achieve tissue destruction.
40. Laser surgery: Laser (Light amplification of stimulated emission of radiation) CO2 laser—A laser beam produced from the carbon dioxide source is used for cutting both soft and hard tissues. Nd-Ae-YAg laser is a contact laser. The recent advancement in laser technology is Erbium Yag laser. I can cut through skull without damaging brain.
BASIC CLINICAL TEACHING