As demonstrated, many researchers have attempted to define accessibility to food through geospatial methods. But despite the wide range of scholarship on the topic, many of these studies suffer serious flaws which limit their usefulness. Chapter 3
outlined a number of these inaccuracies, including issues with datasets, methodology, and interpretation.
If researchers are going to develop appropriate interventions on the built
environment to combat unhealthy eating, they must make use of accurate models of food accessibility. The methods set forth in this chapter are applicable to other regions and can be useful for any community when documenting food accessibility. With the foundation of a well-defined set of maps on accessibility and socioeconomic
characteristics, planners and stakeholders in the food system can better plan for future interventions.
Looking forward to Chapter 4, the geospatial methods developed in this chapter are tailored to build a community profile around a case study neighbourhood. Testing the usefulness of the method, the mapping is combined with an evaluation of neighbourhood socioeconomic distress and food store prices before and after the opening of a new grocery store. Recognizing that geographic access to food stores is only one element of many, Chapter 4 approaches the next level from the conceptual framework (Figure 1.2) that inhibits access to food: economic access.
Low Education Lone Parenthood Un- employment Low Income Composite Z-Score Low Educational Attainment 1.00 Lone Parenthood **0.39 1.00 Unemployment **0.09 **0.15 1.00 Low Income **0.19 **0.27 0.00 1.00 Distress (Composite Z- Score) **0.67 **0.73 **0.50 **0.60 1.00
Nearest Grocery Store **-0.16 **-0.29 **-0.22 0.02 **-0.26 Nearest 2 Grocery
Stores **-0.15 **-0.34 **-0.25 -0.06 **-0.32 Nearest 3 Grocery
Stores -0.03 **-0.24 **-0.21 -0.03 **-0.20 Nearest Fast Food 0.05 **-0.26 **-0.18 *0.10 *-0.11 Nearest 2 Fast Food 0.00 **-0.28 **-0.17 0.08 **-0.15 Nearest 3 Fast Food -0.02 **-0.29 **-0.18 0.07 **-0.17 Nearest Fruit & Veg 0.06 **-0.17 **-0.16 -0.07 **-0.14 Nearest 2 Fruit & Veg *0.09 -0.05 *-0.11 -0.01 -0.03 Nearest 3 Fruit & Veg 0.05 **-0.12 **-0.18 -0.04 **-0.12 Nearest Grocery or F&V **-0.13 **-0.32 **-0.21 -0.04 **-0.28 Nearest 2 Grocery or F&V -0.07 **-0.32 **-0.25 *-0.09 **-0.29 Nearest 3 Grocery or F&V -0.05 **-0.28 **-0.28 -0.06 **-0.27 Nearest Variety Store -0.05 **-0.20 **-0.12 0.00 **-0.15 Nearest 2 Variety
Stores -0.04 **-0.23 *-0.11 0.00 **-0.15
Nearest 3 Variety
Stores -0.08 **-0.24 **-0.14 -0.01 **-0.19 Table 3.1 - Correlations (using Pearson’s r) among distress indicators,
composite distress score and accessibility to food sources ** - Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)
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CHAPTER FOUR
Community Development and the Influence of New Food Retail Sources
on the Price and Availability of Nutritious Food
Richard Casey Sadler*, Jason A Gilliland, Godwin Arku
Published in Journal of Urban Affairs (2012), doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9906.2012.00624.x.
*Doctoral Candidate