Briefdescriptionofeachcase

3.2.1 Paris

The Paris case uses a regional model structure to assess transport-related GHG emissions, land-use changes, heat island effect and heat waves impacts. Transport price and income scenarios are computed by Imaclim-R (a hybrid model which combines a macroeconomic approach with local transport engineering data) and NEDUM, a use-transport interaction model, is used for land-use change projections. Climate modelling land-uses a general climate model (ARPEGE-Climat) and a land surface model (TEB-SURFEX).

3.2.2 Helsinki-Lahti

This case investigates the main relationships between urban form, travel behaviour and CO2 emissions. It considers how to use integrated analyses in real planning in different planning scales (master, general and regional plan ) for three cases: peri-urbanisation in Helsinki metropolitan regions, measuring urban accessibility in transit oriented for the Kerava sub-centre in Helsinki-Lahti, Helsinki-Tampere railway corridor and the assessment of Lahti general development plan 2030 using integrated analyses. It uses transport behaviour data with GIS analysis of inhabitants' accessibility to various resources and amenities.

3.2.3 Vitoria

This case uses the Vitoria development master plan to assess the actual state of urban sustainability in Vitoria-Gasteiz and the future state of urban sustainability in Vitoria-Gasteiz under the current development and the approved plans. It calculates indicators of sustainability from city data. Thus the assessment does not use a simulation model, but calculates 50 sustainability indicators for land use, population growth, accessibility, green zones, CO2 emissions, waste, noise, energy use and production and food self-sufficiency (Ayuntamiento de Vitoria-Gasteiz, 2010).

3.2.4 Luxembourg

The Luxembourg Energy Air Quality (LEAQ) is an Integrated Assessment Model designed for solving combined energy-use and air quality impact problems and can be used for both energy and air quality policy support in the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg. The model provides a way to explore lowest cost energy technologies that can meet energy demands with environmental constraints (air quality constrains, such as legislative ozone levels).The model combines the ETEM model and an air quality model, AUSTAL2000-AYLTP, which is a transport model combined with an ozone calculator. ETEM belongs to the family of the market allocation models (MARKAL) and solves the sectoral energy demands (e.g. transportation, industry, space heating) given the energy devices (e.g. vehicles, houses).The models are coupled via decision variables (primary emission levels – NOX). One of the outputs of the model is the sectoral emissions of CO2, NOX and VOC in tons per year, the latter two can then be used for air quality simulation work.

3.2.5 Debrecen

The Debrecen case assesses the actual state of urban traffic in Debrecen. It identifies the major

The model comprises three major components: spatial model, a transport network model (road and public transport) and a traffic flow matrix. By the use of modelling different scenarios are evaluated.

The model has been used to provide inputs to the city strategy for sustainable urban traffic development. This has the goals: protection of the city centre, development of a traffic network with the lowest environmental impact, encouraging environmentally friendly ways of transport, inhibiting car traffic, providing transport according to the function of the area and improving the accessibility of commercial and industrial areas.

3.2.6 Novi Sad

This case looks at the physical and social processes driving long run changes in Novi Sad particularly driven by the economic transition. It considers how quickly growing cities can change their physical, chemical and social environment and how a city can grow while reducing vulnerability to climate change. An integrated assessment system is being developed. At the current stage of development, impacts on public health are assessed through: (i) changes in UV radiation (the NEOPLANTA UV radiation and UV index, which was run for the period 2002-2011) and (ii) calculation of simplified bio-meteorological indices (heat index and wind chill index for the period 1992-2008. The Heat Index as a measure of how hot it feels when observed ambient temperature and humidity are combined and the Wind Chill Index presents the chilling effect of the wind in combination with a low temperature. It uses regional climate scenarios generated by the EtaPOM regional model [1] on the basis A1B scenario (the runs were done with projections for 2050): (i) to represent the urban heat island effect and influence of spatial patterns of development on the risk from heat waves and (ii) to use a rainfall scenario for the Danube and surrounding channels and then combine that with catchment hydrology models and simulation of the water resource management system.

3.2.7 London

The London case developed a combined modelling system. The following areas are addressed by the UIAF for London: Economics, Land Use patterns for London and the Thames gateway to 2100, CO2 emissions from energy use, passenger transport and freight transport. The following climate impacts are assessed: Heat Waves: Use of the Hadley Centre Regional Climate Model to represent the urban heat island effect. Influence of spatial patterns of development on the risk from heat waves. Droughts for the Thames and Lee catchments, a model of flooding in the tidal Thames floodplain, has been used to simulate the effects of sea level rise and changing flows in the river Thames. This has been combined with our simulations of land use changes to develop simulations of flooding risk for the Thames river basin and the Thames Gateway.

3.2.8 Kaunas

This case evaluated the potential of urban structures in Kaunas as part of newly prepared Kaunas Master Plan in 2011. It considered how the fractal index of the urban structure could be used for evaluation of urban potential. The fractal index can be used for qualitative evaluation of urban territories as well (i.e. evaluation of functional possibilities of urban form as urban potential). To evaluate urban potential, fractal indices of the four main constituent components of urban structure were calculated: buildings, streets, greenery and public spaces. The data sources were a GIS-database of Kaunas, photographs and information on present situation from prepared Kaunas Master plan.

3.2.9 Linz

The Linz case in Austria ( Solar City ) is a model of creating a low carbon environment in a new planning area. The city planning lay out was done according to solar principles. Building design and the used of material was planned according to thermal principles and to minimize running costs.

Solar City was designed as new urban development for approximately 5000 inhabitants in close proximity to the regional capital of Linz. All buildings were done according to low energy standards and some housing units were duplicated in passive house standard as well. The idea of a living lab was introduced to measure and monitor the performance of buildings in use. The start for realization was to have common standards in energy figures such as hot water solar panels and prime energy figure of below 44 kWH/ (m2a). This energy performance was also applied towards public buildings (schools, kindergartens and similar facilities).. By the use of energy performance calculations the decision making process was effected. The living-lab data is constantly monitored and analyzed.

3.2.10 Coimbra

This assessment uses an urban energy planning model, based on multi-criteria analysis, can be used to facilitate decision making in sustainable energy planning problems in an urban context. The methodology is applied to energy and environmental management, particularly by enhancing energy efficiency and the exploitation of local resources (renewable energy), containing a coherent set of measures covering the key sectors of activity: not only the buildings and facilities that are managed by the local authority, but also the main sectors of activity in the territory of the local authority:

residential sector, services sector (public and private), seeking a path to sustainable urban development.

The categories of actions can be assessed by type (e.g. energy-efficient technology replacement, energy-efficient renovation of existing buildings and renewable energy systems), as presented in or by sector (e. g. residential, private services and public services/municipal). The model has been used in the development of the Sustainable Energy Action Plan of the municipality of Coimbra in the framework of the Covenant of Mayors.

3.2.11 Cities in the Czech Republic

The project was focused on a detailed evaluation of relations between quality of life and present behaviour of the human society characterized by selected spatial and non-spatial indicators. The relations were analyzed in 50 cities in the Czech Republic in last forty years. Twenty years covered the period during the communist regime and the second half of a transforming period to the democratic regime. Analyzing traffic of incoming (MRTI) and in-city (ARTI) traffic intensity showed different dependences. Analyses of all cities presents a general influence, however, each city is individual and should be analyzed individually There are more indicators which have an important influence to the road traffic in all cities and therefore have to always be taken into account. Reliability of extrapolation of developments of individual cities is far substantially higher even for the whole period than a general trend for all cities. Economic growth power has a high correlation coefficient for all available indicators. The different growth is the main difference

population growth and urbanization. The SLEUTH urban cellular automata model was used to develop future urbanization scenarios and future urban growth was projected out to 2040. The dataset consists of slope, land use, excluded layers, urban extents, transportation, and hillshade. In order to predict the urban growth, two future urban growth scenarios were developed based on current trends, and managed growth with protection.

The statistical simulation results for alternative scenarios indicated higher dispersed development patterns in urban areas than in agricultural, forests and semi natural areas from 2009 to 2040 for the study area. While a significant growth rate was observed in urban areas in current trends scenario, the growth rates for the managed growth with protection scenario were reduced due to the higher levels of protection.

Table 2.1 Summary of case study main characteristics.

City Time

Luxembourg 2030 Air Quality: coupled energy and air model.

analysis, to assess the models to obtain guidelines for new town development.

Results can be obtained for energy efficiency actions including the

Linear Regression. No Project for Czech

Ministry of Education.

In this set of nine cases of urban integrated assessment, there are two predominant themes: spatial structure and environmental sustainability or performance. This can also be seen in the main questions addressed, which are mostly the same:

x What is the most sustainable morphology for a city or urban area - densification vs new town