During World War II…several top naval officers realized that efficient and effective close quarters fighting skills were needed by all Naval personnel, not just high speed, low drag units like the Scouts and Raiders or the fledgling UDT units. Surface Sailors, submariners, rear echelon supply types, and perhaps most of all, aviators who risked being shot down over enemy territory were just as needy and deserving of quality close quarters training.
— Dan Trembula, MIDN, USNA, 2003, (discussing the establishment of the V-Five Program in In Quartata Magazine)
The United States Navy tradition spans over two centuries of combat. Similar to the United States Marine Corps and Army, the United States Navy shares the load of many wars, and conflicts through history. The United States Navy’s history of hand-to-hand combat begins during the Revolutionary War. Sailors fought side by side with Continental Marines, led by famous Naval Captains such as John Paul Jones. We can
argue during this period of history, to include the War of 1812, that the Navy would reach its peak in close quarters combat. As the world transitioned from the age of sail to the power of steam, so did naval warfare. Fighting between ships was largely kept at a distance. Stronger hulls and more powerful cannons afforded crews the luxury of attrition and a simple plan: firing volleys until the other ship sunk or retreated. By World War II, with the further advancement of ships and naval gunfire, distances and firepower increased. The Battle of Coral Sea in 1942 became the first sea battle where two opposing fleets were out of sight, using only aircraft. By this time, aircraft power dominated the Navy scene as an essential element to naval warfare.
Also in 1942, the use of aircraft played a role in the development of one of the only known unarmed combat systems in the Navy. With aviators needed in both Pacific and Atlantic theaters in World War II, there was a strong chance of being shot down inside enemy territory. Pilots and aircrews needed to prepare themselves to survive behind enemy lines. Seeing a need to train aviators with unarmed combat, Lieutenant Junior Grade Wesley E. Brown, a former collegiate wrestler and police officer, was tasked with program development.
Lieutenant Junior Grade Brown helped develop the “V-Five” Program. The material was developed as a technical manual, as well as a set of instructional videos for aviation candidates.
V-Five advertised itself as a “no-holds barred” style of fighting that involved chokes, eye gouges, bone breaks, and other techniques that were seen as realistic to combat. Brown and his team believed that this style was ruthless because it was necessary. He stated, “Today, as we face enemies who recognize no fair play, the technique of man-to-man competition must be drastically revised to fit the tactics of war.
Suspended for the duration is the code of sportsmanship. Now there is only one rule, to win.” (Brown, 1942). Brown’s philosophy is eerily familiar to the code of warfare that many U.S. military combatants face today.
During World War II, the V-Five Program trained aviation students extensively in
on strong elements of boxing for strikes, and Japanese Ju-Jitsu for joint locks and breaks.
Training was intense. Brown and his team believed in training in an environment that would simulate real time combat (Trembula, 2003). Aviators were drilled repeatedly until moves became second nature.
Dan Trembula commented, “Through sports, the men were indoctrinated with the group loyalty and psychological mindset required in combat…” (Trembula, 2003).
Wesley Brown acknowledges that he trained over 10,000 aviators during World War II (Brown, 1951). The V-Five Program had two effects: one, it helped develop and prepare aircrews in hand-to-hand combat and two, it improved team integrity and morale through the intense training.
Unfortunately, V-Five Program died following World War II. During the transition to peace, there simply was not a need for it. Like many programs that started in World War II, they were removed as reactively as they were installed.
World War II began the trend for aircrews to require additional training from normal fleet Sailors. The opposition of being shot and captured was a reality in combat.
The Korean and Vietnam Wars would witness countless airmen downed behind enemy lines. However, despite the number of pilots in harm’s way, the last program that was officially recognized was the V-Five program. Additionally, in World War II, the world would witness the last of the naval battles between ships. Technology afforded the Navy to remain at a distance from unarmed combat. The Navy saw a growing shift in fighting culture at the end of World War II. From a long tradition that was prepared and expectant of close combat, the Navy transformed into a service that removed close combat from its mindset.
The Navy was in the safe confides of the sea during the major wars of Korea and Vietnam, unchallenged. Even in Desert Storm in 1990, Navy ships fired missiles and rounds unmolested. The idea of close combat, survival and evasion, was reserved for a select few units such as aviators, corpsman, Sea Air Land (SEAL) teams, and Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) operators.