B
Appendix
Appendix B Case studies
Project Name Date DNO Funding Project type
CapacitytoCustomers(C2C) 2012-2015 ElectricityNorth
West LCNF Innovation
Overview
TheC2CtrialusedANMtomanagetheprocessbywhichcertaincustomerswouldhavetheirsupplyrestoredfollowingaloss
ofservice.Forthosecustomerswhosigneduptothetrial,theirconsumptionwascategorisedintooneoftwotypes:
> Powerforessentialuseswouldberestoredassoonaspossible
>Restorationofnon-essentialpowerwouldbedelayedforapre-arrangedperiodoftime(e.g.twohoursinsteadofone) ParticipationintheC2CtrialwasavailabletoIndustrialandCommercialcustomerswhowerealreadyconnectedtoatrial
circuitorrequiredanewconnectiontoatrialcircuit.Customerswereincentivisedthroughreducedconnectionchargesand
directpaymentsinexchangeforprovidingdelayedrestorationintheeventofapowercutorotherabnormaloccurrenceson
theHVnetwork.
TheuseofthemethodstrialledunderC2Careexpectedtoreducetheneedfornetworkreinforcement,andtoreducethe
durationofunplannedoutagesforallcustomers.
Customer type Application Network
implemented Network
served Status
Demand Connections&
reinforcement
deferral
Distribution Distribution Trialcomplete,roll-outongoing
Further reading
>http://www.enwl.co.uk/c2c
Project Name Date Network
Operator Funding Project type
CLASS 2012-2015 ElectricityNorth
West LCNF Innovation
Overview
TheCLASSprojectisthetrialofaninnovativeapproachtoincreasingtheavailablecapacityonnetworksthroughvoltage
control.Automaticcontrolofthevoltageinmajorsubstations(i.e.GSPs)caneffectivelyreduceelectricityconsumptionat
timesofpeakdemandwithoutreducingthequalityorsecurityofsupplytocustomers.
Thistechniquenotonlyhelpstomeetincreasingpeakdemandwhilstavoidingordeferringreinforcement,italsocreatessome
headroomtoallownewlowcarbongenerationontonetworks.
Customer type Application Network
implemented Network
served Status
Demand Reinforcement
deferral Distribution Distribution&
Transmission Ongoing Further reading
>http://www.enwl.co.uk/class/about-class/what-is-class
Appendix B Case studies
Project Name Date DNO Funding Project type
CustomerLedNetworkRevolution
(CLNR) 2011-2014 Northern
Powergrid LCNF Innovation
Overview
TheCustomer-LedNetworkRevolutionprojectassessedthepotentialofnovelsmartgridnetworktechnologies,new
commercialarrangementsandcustomerflexibilitysolutionstofindcost-effectivewaystoprepareUKelectricitynetworksfor
thelowcarbonfuture.
TheANMsystemdeployedforCLNRisoneofthemostsophisticatedwideareacontrolschemesinoperationinEurope-
usingreal-timemonitoringinputs,plusstateestimationandoptimisationratherthanrelyingonpre-programmedrules.
TheCLNRprojectinstalledandcommissionedarangeofnovelnetworktechnologiesandundertookapproximately200trials
oftheElectricalEnergyStorage(EES),EnhancedAutomaticVoltageControl(EAVC),RealTimeThermalRating(RTTR)and
DemandSideResponse(DSR)interventionsdeployingtheinterventionssinglyandincombinationsunderthecontrolofthe
ANMsystem.
NPG’srecommendedapproachtoimplementingsmartgridsystems,basedonthefindingsofthisproject,istostartrelatively
simplyandincreasethecomplexityasandwhenrequired.DNOscanstartwithrelativelysimpleformsoflocalisedANMto
resolvelocalissues.Then,morenetworkconstraintsfrommorelowcarbontechnologiesareseen,DNOsarelikelytoneed
todeploymoresolutions,whetherinisolationorcombination(e.g.EESandDSR).Asthenumberofconstraintsandthe
numberofsolutionsmultiplythensodoestheneedformoresophisticatedwideareacontrolsystemstojoinupandaddtothe
localisedsolutions.
Customer type Application Network
implemented Network
served Status
Demand,storage,generation Connections Distribution Distribution CompleteandBaU Further reading
>http://www.networkrevolution.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/CLNR-G026-Project-Closedown-Report-FINAL-V2.pdf
Project Name Date Network
Operator Funding Project type
FALCON 2011-2015 WesternPower
Distribution LCNF Innovation
Overview
WPD’sFALCONprojectencompassesthetrialofanumberofinnovativetechniquesincludingdynamicassetratings
(reinforcementdeferral),automaticloadtransferbetween11kVfeeders,meshednetworks,batterystorageforpowerflow
management,DGcontrolusingcommercialarrangementsanddemandcontrolusingcommercialarrangements.
AlongsidethetechnicalinvestigationanddevelopmentofthesetechniquesisthedevelopmentofaScenarioInvestment
Model(SIM).TheSIMwillallow“future”networkstobemodelledwithaviewtofacilitateunderstandingonhowthetousethe
previouslymentionedtechniquestosolveidentifiableproblems.
Customer type Application Network
implemented Network
served Status Generation&Demand Connections&
Reinforcement
deferral
Distribution Distribution Ongoing
Further reading
>http://www.westernpowerinnovation.co.uk/Projects/Falcon.aspx
Appendix B Case studies
Project Name Date DNO Funding Project type
FlexiblePlug&Play(FPP) 2012-2014 UKPower
Networks LCNF Innovation
Overview
FPPwasa3yearinnovationprojecttotrialnewtechnologiesandcommercialarrangementsinordertoconnectdistributed
generation(DG),suchaswindorsolarpower,toconstrainedareasoftheelectricitydistributionnetwork.Itdeliveredgreater
flexibilityinaccommodatingcheaperandfasterDGconnections,aswellasenablingpreviouslyunviableDGschemesto
becomefeasible.Ithascontracted16projectswith8beingoperational.
FPPusedANMtoofferinterruptibleconnectionstoaconstrainednetworkareaonthebasisofpro-rataprinciplesofaccess.
Aquotawasalsoapplied,limitingthetotalcapacityofgenerationconnectedwithintheconstrainedareatoapre-agreedcap.
Oncethequotawasreached,LIFOwastobeappliedforfutureconnections.
Customer type Application Network
implemented Network
served Status
Generation Connections Distribution Distribution Complete
Further reading
>http://innovation.ukpowernetworks.co.uk/innovation/en/Projects/tier-2-projects/Flexible-Plug-and-Play-%28FPP%29/
Project Name Date DNO Funding Project type
LincolnshireLowCarbonHub(LLCH) 2012-2015 WesternPower
Distribution LCNF Innovation
Overview
TheLowCarbonHubforEastLincolnshirehasbeendesignedtotestavarietyofnewandinnovativetechniqueswhichwill
allownew,lowcarbongeneration,toconnecttotheelectricitynetworks,whilstavoidingthehighcoststhatwouldnormally
beassociatedwithmoreconventionalmethods(buildingnewoverheadlines,installingnewundergroundcablesorbuilding
newsubstations).Theprojectreceived£3moffundingfromOfgem’sLowCarbonNetworksFundTier2todemonstratesix
alternativetechniques:networkenhancements,commercialagreements,dynamicvoltagecontrol,33kVactivenetworkring,
FlexibleACTransmissionSystem(FACTs)Deviceanddynamicsystemratings.
Oftherangeoftechniquesexploredthroughthiswork,ANMwasusedtoallowWPDtooffer“alternativeconnections”49:new
innovativecommercialarrangementsallowgeneratorstotakeadvantageofthesparecapacityinthenetworkwhenitexists
andintroducesconstraintsontheoutputwhenthecapacitydoesnotexist.
DevelopedaspartoftheLLCH,AlternativeConnectionsarenowbeingofferedalongsideconventionalsolutions.These
alternativeconnectionscanprovideacosteffectivewaytoconnecttothedistributionnetwork.
Customer type Application Network
implemented Network
served Status
Generation Connections Distribution Distribution Complete
Further reading
>http://www.westernpowerinnovation.co.uk/Projects/Low-Carbon-Hub.aspx
Appendix B Case studies
Project Name Date DNO Funding Project type
LowCarbonLondon 2011-2014 UKPower
Networks LCNF Innovation
Overview
LowCarbonLondon(LCL)trialledanddemonstratedabroadrangeofsmarterpotentialapproachestohowDNOsmayinvest
andoperateinthefuture.Bybringingtogetherleadingindustryspecialists,theprojecttookamulti-partyapproachemulating
whatthe2020or2030electricitysupplychain(fromSystemOperatortodistributionnetwork,distributedgenerationand
supply)maylooklike.
TheLCLtrialscoveredanumberoftopics,includingtheElectrificationofHeatandTransport,NetworkPlanningandOperation
andtheroleofthefutureDistributionSystemOperator(DSO).LCLalsotrialledandmodelledDemandSideResponse(DSR)
andgenerationcontrol.TheDSRtrialsincludedtheuseofANM,andtheassociatedCostBenefitAnalysisassessedthe
benefitsofANMtodeliveranenhancedresponsefromIndustrialandCommercialcustomers.LCLalsostudiedtheuseof
ANMtoconnectadditionalgenerationtofaultlevel-constrainedpartsofthenetworkwithouttheneedforreinforcement.
Customer type Application Network
implemented Network
served Status
Demand,generation Connections,
Reinforcement
deferral
Distribution Distribution Complete
Further reading
>http://innovation.ukpowernetworks.co.uk/innovation/en/Projects/tier-2-projects/Low-Carbon-London-(LCL)/
49 Synonymous with the term “ANM connections” used in this guide
Project Name Date Network
Operator Funding Project type
RESPOND 2015-2019 ElectricityNorth
West LCNF Innovation
Overview
RESPONDwillactivelymonitordemandandgenerationonthenetwork,continuallyassessthefaultlevelandautomatically
enableoneofthecommercialortechnicalinnovativemitigationtechniqueswhennecessary.Thetechniquesbeingtrialledand
demonstratedaspartofRESPONDareAdaptiveProtectionandIs-LimitersandacommercialFaultCurrentLimiting(FCL)
Service.AFaultLevelAssessmentToolprovidesaplatformfromthesearangeofinnovativefaultlevelmitigationtechniques
canbeadaptivelycontrolled.CustomersprovidingaFCLServicewillberapidlydisconnectedwhenanetworkfaultoccurs
thenreconnectedwithinthreeminutesunlesstheyarewithoutsupplyduetobeingwithinthefaultedcircuit.
RESPONDwillbethefirstdemonstrationofnearreal-timefaultlevelassessmentandadaptivemitigationtechniquesto
overcomethefaultlevelchallengefacedbyDNOs.
Customer type Application Network
implemented Network
served Status Generation&Demand Connections,
Reinforcement
deferral
Distribution Distribution Ongoing
Further reading
>http://www.enwl.co.uk/docs/default-source/future-documents/respond-submission-document-redacted-oct-2014.pdf
Appendix B Case studies
Project Name Date DNO Funding Project type
OrkneyRPZ 2004-ongoing Scottishand
SouthernEnergy
PowerDistribution
DTI,IFI,RPZ Innovation
Overview
Since2009,OrkneyhasbeenhometotheUK’sfirst‘smartgrid’.Workonthesmartgridbeganin2004toaddresstheissue
ofcapacityconstraintsontheelectricitydistributionnetworkwhichwerelimitingthepotentialforrenewablegeneration
developerstoharvestthesignificantrenewableenergyresourceontheOrkneyIsles.
AninnovativenewActiveNetworkManagement(ANM)approachwasdevisedtomakebetteruseoftheexistingnetworkby
instructinggeneratorstocontroltheiroutput,inrealtime,tomatchtheavailablenetworkcapacity.TheANMwasswitched
onin2009.Itallowsthepowerflowsatseveralpointsonthenetworktobemonitored,andpowerflowsfrommultiplenew
renewablegeneratorstobecontrolled.Thetechnologyisbasedaroundacentralcontroller,whichcollectsdatafrom‘pinch
points’geographicallydistributedaroundthenetwork.
Thecentralcontrolleridentifieswhenpowerflowsareapproachingthelimitsofthenetworkpowerratingandsends
instructionstogeneratorstoreducetheiroutputintimebeforeproblemsoccur.Thesystemisdesignedtobefailsafeto
protectthenetworkifgeneratorsdonotrespondcorrectlytocontrolsignalswithinspecifiedtimelimits.
ThesmartgridhasenabledthesameamountofrenewablegenerationtobeconnectedtoOrkney’sdistributionnetworkas
wouldhavebeenmadepossiblebyconventionalnetworkreinforcementatafractionofthecost.
Customer type Application Network
implemented Network
served Status
Generation Connections Distribution Distribution Ongoing
Further reading
>https://www.ssepd.co.uk/OrkneySmartGrid/
>https://www.ssepd.co.uk/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=992 Appendix B Case studies
Project Name Date DNO Funding Project type
NINES 2011-2016 Scottishand
SouthernEnergy Special
electricity
distribution
licence
conditions
Innovation
Overview
Shetland’sANMsystemconnectsandcontrolsthefollowingtechnologiesontheislands:
>AlargescalebatteryenergystoragesystematLerwickPowerStation,whichwillbeinstalledwithspecialcapabilityto
enablecommunicationandcontrolofthebattery.
>Advancedenergystorageandwaterheatersindomestichomesthatoffersflexibilityinnetworkdemand.
>Small/Largewindturbineswillhavecommunicationssystemsinstalledtoenableissueofcontrolsignalsandreceivestatus
feedback
> Thesystemwillalsotakeintoaccountweatherandtidalforecastinginformationtomanagerenewableenergygeneration ThekeyobjectivesoftheShetland’sActiveNetworkManagementtrialsare:
>StabiliseShetland’senergysystembymanagingdemand,generationandstoragecapabilitiesandmonitoringsystem
diagnostics
>Makeenergysupplylowcarbonbyallowingthemaximumpossibleamountofrenewablegenerationtobeconnectedthus
reducingtheamountoffossilfuelconsumption
>Allowlocalindividualsandcompaniestobenefitfromtheopportunitiesofestablishingrenewablegenerationfacilitiesby
accommodatingtheconnectionofnewsmallgeneratorsonthenetwork
>Reducetheneedtobuildnewpowerplantsandreinforcenetworksbyreducingthedifferencebetweenminimumand
maximumdailydemand
>Maketheenergysystemmorereliablebyusingrealtimefeedbackfromnetworkmonitoringandcommunicationlinksto
detectsystemhealthchecks
>Enablecustomerstoparticipateinenergynetworkmanagementbyinstallingadvancedenergyandwaterheaters.
>UsedevicescontrolledbyANMtomanagenetworkfrequency
Customer type Application Network
implemented Network
served Status Storage,demand,generation Connections,
Reinforcement
deferral
Distribution Distribution Ongoing
Further reading
>http://www.ninessmartgrid.co.uk/our-project/