Case-study 3

Type of wall panel system Type of cardboard

- liner solid cardboard - core honeycell cardboard

Connections tongue and groove system with a strip of honeycell cardboard

This case-study concerns a panel laminated from different types of cardboard. The core consists of plates of honeycell cardboard with a liner of solid cardboard. In the hollow VSDFHVGXFWVFDQEHLQWHJUDWHG7KHSUR¿OHGHGJHVIROORZDQ

H-shape. Connections are being made with a few strips of cardboard; dry assembly. The liners can be provided with a print. The main advantage of the use of honeycell cardboard is the light weight. Next to that, by recycling the panels after use the material cycle can be closed.

5.3.1. Sub-conclusion

The panel system has a high building speed and remains under 25 kg through the use of honeycell cardboard. The dry assembly offers possibilities for reuse and recycling. When WKHF\FOHLVUHVWRUHGE\WDNLQJEDFNWKHSURGXFWD¿QDQFLDO

advantage is created for the user in the demolition phase. This

FRXOGSRVVLEO\EHUHÀHFWHGLQWKHSXUFKDVHSULFH

 GHWDLORISDQHO  FRQQHFWLRQWRÀRRU  FRPSOHWHGZDOO

Fig. 6. Assembly and options of panel system

6. Sound

Sound insulation takes place in the shape of absorption, UHÀHFWLRQDQGWKURXJKPDVV7KHODWWHULVWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQW

but also the missing factor when using cardboard. Corrugated cardboard and honeycell cardboard are lightweight paper constructions. One possibility of overcoming the lack of mass is disconnection. In hollow partition systems this can easily be realised by assembling the posts disconnected. With panel V\VWHPVWKLVLVDPRUHGLI¿FXOWWDVNLWLVDRQHHOHPHQWSDQHO

Adding mass is being restricted by government rules. A panel can weigh a maximum of 25 kg.

For temporary buildings there are no demands on sound concerning partitions. For utility buildings there are some demands, but the perception of the customer is the standard IRUWKHOHYHORIDFKLHYHPHQW,QDQRI¿FHVXUURXQGLQJVRXQG

of conversation should be insulated, no matter what kind of material the walls are constructed from. For the (professional) housing market demands on sound insulation are very strict.

The demands can vary per different segment, making one single solution unnecessary or unwanted. It is, however, very easy for the user to determine whether the insulation is VXI¿FLHQWFDQ,KHDUWKHQHLJKERXUVRUQRW"

As we write this, the sound aspects of cardboard are being researched broadly.

7. Environment

Each mentioned partition system has an environmental advantage because of the use of cardboard. Cardboard can XVH DQ LQ¿QLWH DPRXQW RI UDZ PDWHULDO FHOOXORVH ¿EUH )RU

IUHVK ¿EUHV YLUJLQ ¿EUH ZDVWH SURGXFWV IURP WKH ZRRG

industry are being used: bark, branches and sawdust. In The Netherlands for the production of new paper 90% of recycled SDSHULVEHLQJXVHG,QIDFWFDUGERDUGIURPROGRUQHZ¿EUHV

is always a re-used product.

Table 2 shows the environmental load next to the traditional materials wood and sand-lime stone. The last two materials are known for their low environmental load.

The use of renewable raw materials (cardboard) provides a substantial contribution in relieving the environment. When during the further development of cardboard partitions the re-usability of the cardboard is not being lessened by the use of additives or laminated materials, cardboard has a strong ecological position. Within the landscape of surrounding IDFWRUVWKLVIDFWRUZLOOKDYHWRSURYHLWVHOIRIGHFLVLYHLQÀXHQFH

concerning the effect of cardboard on the world market.

8. Conclusion

To appoint decisive factors in the landscape of surrounding factors which will guarantee a successful product is very hard WRGHWHUPLQH2QVRPHOHYHOVLWLVSRVVLEOHWRGH¿QHVXFFHVV

factors and factors that act as a brake.

$FWLQJDVDEUDNH¿UVWRIDOOLVWKHIDFWRURILQGXVWULDOSURGXFWLRQ

The paper and cardboard industry consists of a long chain of different paper and cardboard producing companies. The basis of this industry is built on large volumes (quantity) The development of a cardboard suitable for the building industry µEXLOGLQJFDUGERDUG¶ZLOOEHDKDUGWUDMHFWRU\$QDSSOLFDWLRQ

with a large sale volume connects to the current nature of the industry. The introduction of a new building material is characterised by a project-basis and small-scale.

Secondly, cardboard being well-known by the public acts as a brake. The image as a packaging material and the homeless in KLVFDUGERDUGER[LVGLI¿FXOWWREUHDN7KHJHQHUDOFRQYLFWLRQ

RIFDUGERDUGLPPHGLDWHO\FROODSVLQJXQGHUZDWHUDQG¿UHZLOO

often have to be proven wrong by many solutions.

subject material positive ĺ negative

weight cardboard

weight wood

weight sand-lime stone exhaustion cardboard exhaustion wood

exhaustion sand-lime stone energy content cardboard energy content wood

energy content sand-lime stone emissions cardboard

emissions wood

emissions sand-lime stone use of water cardboard use of water wood

use of water sand-lime stone recycling cardboard

recycling wood

recycling sand-lime stone disassembly cardboard disassembly wood

disassembly sand-lime stone

waste cardboard

waste wood

waste sand-lime stone

Table 2. Positive and negative effect of the partition materials per m² wall

When a cardboard building system reaches the same level of existing systems, is there still no reason for the customer to choose cardboard. Case-studies have shown that cardboard systems have can distinguish themselves on a few aspects.

Especially the ecological factor, the relative low price, the SULQWDELOLW\ DQG WKH OLJKW ZHLJKW DUH GH¿QLWH TXDOLWLHV DQG

thereby success factors.

As shown above, cardboard can provide a substantial contribution considering the environment.

Moreover, paper and cardboard are a bulk material with a subsequent low cost-price.

Thirdly, the production process of paper and cardboard has one unique possibility: the printing technique. A visual radiation can be given to cardboard. The existing pressing and printing techniques have reached a level as with no other material than cardboard and paper.

Finally, already mentioned, all partition systems will have an important weight limitation starting January 2007. Cardboard will remain under the maximum lifting weight of 25 kg thanks to its relatively light weight.

Literature

1 Rapportage IFD Haalbaarheidsstudie, project nummer 04019, .HQQLVFHQWUXP3DSLHUHQ.DUWRQ$UQKHP

2 Compression Strenght Formula for Corrugated Boxes, 5&0F.HH-:*DQGHU-5:DFKXWD

3 Wijziging Beleidsregels arbeidsomstandighedenwetgeving, nr.02 48717. Convenant Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid. M.Rutte, 5,-0.XLSHUV

4 Indicatieve LCA berekening kartonnen binnenwand, H. van Ewijk ,9$0.HQQLVFHQWUXPSDSLHUHQ.DUWRQ$UQKHP

 6WXFORSHUDOVZDUPWHUHÀHFWLHIROLH,ULVGH.LHYLHW,Q6LWX

Architecten, Den Haag. http://216.154.208.139:8080/recyclicity/

designers/index.jsp

6 Isover Benelux, www.isover.nl, januari 2006

 ((7.LHPUDSSRUW6HQWHU1RYHPSURMQU

(LQGUDSSRUWDJH%RXZHQPHW.DUWRQMXQL

This page intentionally left blank

Cardboard in Architecture. M. Eekhout et al. (Eds.). IOS Press, 2008.

© 2008 The authors and IOS Press. All rights reserved.

Abstract

Recently the interest of architects grows in using cardboard for constructions. For the realization of any structure adequate knowledge of the mechanical properties of the building material is essential. For structural application the mechanical behaviour and the load bearing capacity have to be predictable as well.

However, there is not enough information about the mechanical properties of cardboard in terms of a building material. Common numbers and codes are not established yet. In the presented PhD project the mechanical behaviour of cardboard and cardboard structures are investigated concerning structural application. Also DFRPSXWDWLRQDOPRGHOEDVHGRQWKH¿QLWHHOHPHQWPHWKRGZLOO

be developed as a prediction tool. The project combines material testing, structural design and computational modelling. In this regard preliminary beams completely made of cardboard were designed and tested. In this paper the outline of the PhD thesis DQGWKH¿UVWRXWFRPHRIWKHSUHOLPLQDU\GHVLJQRIWKHEHDPVDUH

presented.