4. Brief Case Studies
4.5 Case Study 5: Casey 55
This is a case of an individual chosen from the MHDCD dataset in order to bring into focus the impact that the presence of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and ID may have on an individual’s interactions with criminal justice and human service agencies.
To identify Casey a range of increasingly restrictive criteria were applied to the dataset. In order, these criteria were:
Female;
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Has an intellectual disability;
Diagnosis of a borderline personality disorder;
In out of home care as a young person; and
Contact with a range of different agencies.
From the list of individuals that met these criteria, Casey was chosen because she has the most police contacts.
Casey’s history
Casey is a young Aboriginal woman, who has been multiply diagnosed with a range of mental and cognitive conditions, including behavioural and emotional conditions emerging in childhood and adolescence. These include ADHD, Conduct Disorders, Adjustment Disorders, Personality Disorder and Bipolar Affective Disorder. Casey has also been identified as having a developmental delay and intellectual disability (IQ 64). She has a long history of self‐harm, physical abuse and trauma. She has used alcohol and other drugs from a young age and after the age of 13 she barely attended school.
She began to be noted by the Police as disturbed, suicidal and homeless in her early teens. She was admitted to hospital under the Mental Health Act on numerous occasions where she was usually sedated and restrained and released the following morning. In one year alone Casey was the subject of 87 Police events, as a result of which she was taken into police custody 35 times and charged on 56 different counts. On numerous occasions services, such as Community Services and the local hospital say they cannot support Casey. In one six month period, she was held in Juvenile detention from one to 39 days, with a total of 128 days spent in custody.
Police noted that Casey needed medical and mental treatment but instead was being bounced around between Police and the Hospital. Although her mother was completely unable to support her, bail conditions continued to require that she live with her mother – she constantly breached bail. The only time Casey was not being picked up police or held in detention was during a respite placement for 6 months during which time Casey did not come into contact with Police, DJJ or hospitals. This arrangement though came to an end and Casey resumed her frequent police contact. After this Casey was again imprisoned in DJJ detention and was repeatedly admitted to psychiatric facilities under the
Mental Health Act where she was restrained and sedated. Recently Casey was transferred into a residential setting with a disability focus.
Casey is the youngest individual profiled in the case studies and has the highest lifecourse institutional costs of all the individuals detailed in this study. Her intellectual disability and personality disorders together with her traumatic childhood appear to be the key factors precipitating her institutional contact. Casey was a client of Community Services, ADHC, DJJ and a number of other community‐based agencies and services from a young age, and yet due to her ‘problematic behaviour’, she was left to the
police to manage. The supported accommodation she receives now reduces significantly police and other criminal justice contacts for the first time in her life.
Conclusion
Casey is an individual who has obviously high support needs from a young age. Evidence of trauma and neglect is clear throughout her life. Her experiences of violence, evidenced by repeated restraint by police and carers and her subsequent use of violence and aggression herself, appear a key central theme in her life. The presence of cognitive impairment clearly underlies the trauma, behaviours and experiences and while a key characteristic noted by many service providers, it appears that little intervention and service provision is directed to her support needs in this area. Her frequent and escalating mental health episodes are, initially, the object of a range of interpretations by service providers. Many indicate a belief that rather than genuine mental health issues, they are simply ‘attention seeking’. There appears a relationship between the severity of these instances, which, from an early age involve increasingly serious incidents of self‐harm, and recognition by the system.
Aside from medication and scheduling under the Mental Health Act, there appears to be little sustained or effective intervention with Casey for her mental health issues. In the early years interventions amount to repeated short admissions (usually of one or two nights) to hospitals and mental health units where the common treatment is restraint and sedation. The one period of remission from these events occurs when she is in respite care.
Casey’s lack of, for most of her life, a safe community space in which to live is an experience seen in the other case studies. From an early age Casey and the others in the case studies with cognitive disability and other compounding diagnosis, and who experience severe disadvantage, and for Indigenous persons, the legacy of colonial oppression and trauma, live in liminal marginal community‐criminal justice spaces. These are usually characterised by control and are spaces in which continual breaches of human and disability rights occur and where incarceration is the norm of management.