short) … then they push it all the way through the end of the canal … then they pull the testicle to the scrotum and tie it down … then you wait for the AVN to stretch out …
Because sperm like it that way.
Essentially spermatozoa will only develop at temperatures a 2-3 °C below body temperature
To maintain this temperature the testes will move up and down in an attempt to keep at the proper temperature
Contraction makes the testicle warm … brings them closer to the body □
The movement upwards is accomplished with the cremaster muscle
This makes the testicles come closer together □
This is smooth muscle □
The dartos muscle compresses the scrotum.
These are both activated to keep the scrotum close to the body and warm the testes.
Pampinoform lexus such that the venous blood can warm down the blood coming in (which is hot cause its coming from the inside of the body) □
Thermostat
This is a highly inconvenient place to put the reproductive glands □
Males have almost all of the inguinal hernias (going through the inguinal canal □
For example the bowel can come into the inguinal canal
This is a direct inguinal hernia because the hernia went directly through the abdominal wall into the inguinal canal. This is a hernia normally acquired later in life.
□ Price
Why outside the body? ○
Genital tubercle □
Labioscrotal swelling □
Urogenital (urethral) folds □
Urogenital sinus □
Indifferent stage (5 weeks)
At ten weeks and under the influence of the androgens the urethral folds begin to meet and seal up. The labioscrotal swellings swell towards each other and the tip of the genital tubercle becomes the glans penis.
□ 10 weeks
Near birth the scrotum has fused at the midline and only the midline raphe is visible. □
The urethra has sealed and now opens at the tip of the penis in the glans. □
Near birth
Male ○
In the female near birth the labioscrotal swellings do not fuse at the midline rather they stay intact as the labia majora.
The urogenital folds do not meet in the female and persist as the vestibule and labia minora.
The genital tubercle becomes the clitoris.
Female ○
External Generalia Development •
Definition (adj); having both male and female sexual characteristics and organs; at birth an unambiguous assignment of male or female cannot be made
Traditional synonyms for the intersex adjective include “hermaphroditic” or “gynandromorphic”
As a general rule very few are true gonadal intersex (true hermaphrodites) which would mean both male and female gonads.
The greatest number of intersex individuals simply have ambiguous genitalia (i.e., not clearly one sex or the other)
General ○
Chromosomally female with external genitalia which appear male
This typically results because of virilization of the female fetus by male hormones.
The male hormones (particularly testosterone) arises because of an overactive adrenal gland in fetal development.
The disease of the adrenal is called congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).
XX Intersex
○
Chromosomally male with external genitalia which appear to be female or at least incompletely formed
XY intersex has many causes but generally they are the results of inadequate supply or insensitivity to male hormones
The receptors for the androgens are not working □
The most common cause is androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)
A shortage of androgen can also cause a similar result.
There are typically no female internal organs except for a short, blind ended vagina.
XY Intersex
○ Intersex •
Are supposed to block “conception” of a fetus.
They work to keep sperm and egg from being united
E.g., combination oral contraceptive pills, mini-pills, progesterone injections, contraceptive patches and mechanical methods like condoms
Contraceptives ○
E.g., “morning after pills” □
Intrauterine devices (IUDs) □
They work to keep the fertilized egg from implanting (in the uterus)
Contragestational agents ○
Ex. mifepristone (RU 486) □
They cause the termination of an established pregnancy
Abortifacients ○
Definitions •
Production of viable sperm
Vasectomy □
Transport of viable sperm
Condoms or coitus interruptus □
Deposit of sperm in vagina
Spermicides □
Survival of sperm in vagina
Cervical cap, diaphragm □
Movement of sperm to uterine tubes
Male Steps ○
Oral contraceptives □
Production of viable oocytes Oral contraceptives □ Ovulation Tubal ligation □
Movement of oocytes to uterine tubes
Female Steps ○
Morning after pill □
Fertilization of oocytes with sperm
MAP, OCs, IUDs □
Implantation of oocytes
Surgical (dilatation and curretage)
Medical (RU 486)
Abortions □
Growth of the fetus
Together ○
Loci of Intervention •
The slight drop in body temperature that occurs just before ovulation and the slight increase in temperature that occurs after ovulation
□ Temperature
Spinnbarkeit is the word that describes this □
This allows the sperm to get though □
Production of thin, clear, watery and elastic cervical mucus (i.e., maximum spinnbarkeit) that shows maximal ferning
One-sided, cyclical abdominal pain associated with ovulation □
Mittelschmerz
Lower harder cervix= less fertile □
Elevated, softer and wetter cervix= more fertile □
Position of the cervix
Fertility awareness method of birth control relies on noticing the signs of ovulation ○
Intercourse has to be planned around the times when ovulation is not going to occur. ○
Failure rates is 9% if used perfectly but more like 25% in typical use. □
The rhythm method of birth control works by practicing abstinence from sexual intercourse (usually 3 days before and 3 days after) the likely date of ovulation
Epidemiology ○
When fertile it looks like there are ferns … □ Mucus Testing ○ Note: Fertility Awareness •