Goal 2: Environmental sustainability Interventions for physical capital:
5.3 Development of a catalogue of RD instruments 1 Objectives
5.3.3 The Catalogue
The typology generated a list of 26 RD intervention types, based upon three key RD goals and five key categories of rural capital. Not all of the four instrument types mentioned above will be appropriate for each intervention type, but more than one instrument may be appropriate. Table 5.2 therefore presents a grid, in which policy intervention types define the rows, and instrument choices define the columns. In each cell we have a unique combination of intervention type(s) and instrument. Where it is considered that the instrument is potentially suitable for addressing the intervention type concerned, an example is given in the relevant cell, of how this might apply. Where an instrument cannot really be used to achieve a particular type of intervention, this is noted. In a few cases where different numbered intervention types share common applicability across all instruments, they have been combined, to reduce repetition.
Table 5.2 contains 70 cells for which it is possible to envisage RD instruments. However, the descriptions within the cells are similar in many cases, which reflects how some kinds of instrument could simultaneously be used to address a number of different intervention purposes. Thus the number of instruments required to achieve a complete coverage of the 70 cells is actually 35, as listed below.
Goal: economic competitiveness
Physical and financial capital:
• Land reform, consolidation or purchase to facilitate development and increase viability of holdings (also benefits human capital)
• Rural service schemes to increase access for disadvantaged groups
• Local credit association schemes
• Grants and loans to public authorities to develop rural infrastructure
• Grants and loans to private agents to develop new infrastructure and facilities – particularly targeting sectors and issues of greatest additionality or public goods
• Advice and information to support effective application of these in RD activity, including mentoring, IT information, how to develop financial schemes.
Human and social capital:
• Support for professional development of entrepreneurs and resource managers
• Set-up and investment costs for training, advice, local and applied R&D (including
demonstration), mentoring and other support services
• Support for young farmer instalment and early retirement, where additionality is clear
• LFA aid compensating for remoteness and retaining management skills
• Succession planning advice and support
• Setting up groups for innovation, planning and R&D to support their work
• Management and networking for established groups if private funding is not viable.
Natural and cultural capital
• New environmental economy investments in land purchase or lease, energy
crops/renewables technology investments and market research, group events and training or mentoring to promote entrepreneurial actions.
• Regular payments to support rural renewable energy generation and waste collection for composting, and other environmentally-sensitive entrepreneurial activity which is not (yet) fully covering costs.
• Advice on good practice and innovation.
Goal: environmental sustainability in land use
Physical and financial capital
• Land purchase or lease to enable nature conservation
• Support groups to stimulate more effective environmental management planning and target capital funding to where it delivers greatest benefit.
Human and social capital
• Aid to establish networks and multi-sector groups to promote sustainable methods
• Aid for new skills training and ongoing support for skill retention and development, for enhanced environmental performance.
• Funding for advisor and farmer training courses, planning and provision of events
• Regular and/or investment funds for certification schemes, to raise environmental standards
• Advice and information on good practice in raising environmental awareness and understanding among rural consumers and civil society.
Natural and cultural capital
• Management of environmental and cultural assets with high public goods value.
• Energy conservation, recycling, composting, sustainable water management, small-scale combined heat and power generation from wastes and other LA 21 activities at the level of municipalities
• Climate change strategies and programmes of work including land purchase (peat) for carbon storage, payments for mitigation-centred management activities, investment in more beneficial technologies and training.
Goal: Diversification of the rural economy and quality of life
Physical and financial capital
• Aid to purchase land for public infrastructure provision
• Aid to help community groups and non-profit partnerships to develop communal facilities for trading, communication and multi-purpose leisure activities
• Support for research to monitor local economic flows under different governance arrangements (to identify how best to increase endogenous growth potential)
• Aid for initiatives to reduce financial leakages from rural economies and/or establish local credit or trading schemes to encourage rural entrepreneurship.
Human and social capital
• training, advice and demonstration to increase employment and entrepreneurial skills
• Support for community groups targeting social exclusion in rural settlements.
Natural and cultural capital
• Aid to develop (investment) and then maintain (regular payments) events or traditions with cultural and environmental significance and celebration at their core.
Cross-cutting instruments
• Support to establish LEADER and LEADER-like local strategic partnerships using bottom up and participatory methods
• Support for cross-instrument and cross-sectoral, inter-territorial co-operation and networking for rural sustainable development best practice.
Table 5.2 Grid to identify RD instruments
Goal & Capital
RD purpose Regulatory process Regular (multi-annual) Payments
Investment payments and loans Information / advice
1:P 1. Public infrastructure for economic
development
Yes – land reform / consolidation or purchase to facilitate development / enhancement
Yes – rural service voucher schemes for disadvantaged groups, subsidised provision in most remote areas
Yes – grants/ loans to public authorities to develop rural infrastructure, grants/ loans to private bodies to set up self- financing infrastructure (if possible)
Yes – advice on how to access available infrastructure (eg ICT), for disadvantaged groups 1: P 2. Private physical capital for competitiveness, adding value, developing new products Yes – land consolidation to increase the viability of individual landholdings
No – unlikely to require
ongoing, regular funding Yes – grants and loans to help private individuals and groups to develop new facilities, acquire equipment, particularly for targeted sectors/groups facing barriers to accessing private funds
No – no obvious advice needs, although could fund promotion of
awareness of grants and loans
1:F 3. Access to finance
for entrepreneurs No – no obvious property rights issues Yes – funding for the organisation and running of local credit associations
Yes – funding to plan and set-up local credit associations or local venture capital schemes and networks
Yes – advice on sources of match funding for grants and loans, advice on setting up local credit and trading schemes 1: H 4. Skills for
competitiveness
No – no obvious property rights issues
Yes – CPD support payments
Yes – course planning and provision, technical equipment for effective training (e.g. processing equipment for value-added courses, IT for distance learning)
Yes – advice on who can provide what, mentoring
1: H 5. Maintain rural labour and facilitate
generation renewal
Yes – to regroup farm holdings to retain viability
Yes – for social and cultural goods, compensating natural handicap / remoteness, early retirement
Yes – support to assist installation of young farmers (though this could also come under purpose 2 or 3)
Yes – could fund advice and support services to help manage succession 1: S 6. New groups to
stimulate innovation, sustaining groups with USP value
No – no relevant property rights issues
Yes – Management costs for groups, networking and collaboration
Yes – for R&D, planning, group events, experiments
Yes – advice on group establishment and management 1: NC 7. New environmental
economy Yes – land purchase for demonstration / experiment
Yes – Energy crops or renewables incentives (infant industry),
Yes – for R&D, planning, market research, new equipment or buildings, training staff, promotional
Yes – advice on successful business establishment and
subsidised collection
costs (rurality) events growth, mentoring 2. P 8. Public infrastructure
for environmental management
Yes – land purchase to provide communal facilities (recycling, energy)
Not clear where this offers EU additionality beyond general rural public service funding by MS/region/local
Yes – support to set up necessary cross-sectoral, multi-actor groups, R&D, planning, facilitation and new equipment
Yes – advice on good practice, sharing of successful examples, networks 2. P 9. Restricting development to protect the environment
Not applicable – done via EU environmental legislation
Yes- compensation paid regularly to those subject to development
restrictions
Yes – can fund surveys and plans which enable this to be achieved through local regulatory processes
Yes – could fund advice and
awareness-raising of regulations
2. F 10. Finance for novel local environmental research and development, experiments
No – no obvious
property rights issues No – difficult to see how regular payment for finance services could give additionality
Yes – support for planning and setting up investor search (venture capital) and client matching services, support for setting up local credit schemes
Yes – promotion of good practice examples, advice on setting up credit schemes, mentoring 2. H 11 Skills for environmental sustainability No – no obvious
property rights issues Yes – ongoing funding to maintain skills and promote inter-generation knowledge transfer
Yes – funding for land manager and advisor training courses, planning and provision of events,
demonstrations, etc
Yes – direct provision of environmental advisory services, demonstrations 2. H 12. minimising environmental damage from population change Not applicable – spatial planning issue
Yes - payments to maintain environment, to retain managers
Yes – overlaps with goal 3 (see below, purposes 24-5) Yes - Providing guidance and information to planning authorities 2. S 13. Collective environmental awareness and understanding
Yes – creating local standards and certification schemes
Yes – ongoing funding to those providing these services on a non-profit basis
Yes – support to set up groups and to provide specific events or campaigns Yes – promotion of good practice examples of successful initiatives 2. S 14. Collective environmental management Yes – land consolidation or purchase to facilitate collective management arrangements
Yes – fund ongoing management of valued features in the local environment, recycling schemes, etc. where these cannot be self- funding
Yes – support for setting up groups, R&D, planning, equipment, hosting events, setting up infrastructure to manage water and soils more sustainably, participatory landscape planning, village design
Yes –advice on how to set up formal groups, best practice exchange, mentoring by established groups 2. NC 15, 16 and 17. Protecting Yes – land consolidation or
Yes – funding sensitive maintenance /
Yes – support for R&D, capital investments for restoration works,
Yes – information to raise awareness of
environmental and cultural resources (both stocks and ecosystem services) purchase to protect areas from development or set up governance regimes (land trusts, covenants) management on an ongoing basis where this is not fully commercially viable
creation of new habitat or
landscape features, valuable assets and their roles, good practice examples of win-win situations, water efficiency and flood avoidance 2. NC 18. Climate change
adaptation and mitigation
Yes – land purchase / reform to protect carbon stores, provide ‘sacrificial’ areas to manage flooding (new wetlands)
Yes – payments for carbon sequestration / flood mitigation services, subsidised recycling or renewable energy use or generation
Yes – support for R&D, planning and investment in start-up and processing equipment for
renewable energies/energy-efficient rural technology and infrastructure, recycling schemes and waste minimisation
Yes – advice and information to rural dwellers on low carbon lifestyles, to public authorities and private businesses on
reducing impacts 3. P 19 and 20. Physical
capital for basic rural services, and support for local communal facilities
Yes – land purchase or consolidation to facilitate infrastructure, Community facilities
Yes – but only where EU funding offers additionality and value for money over existing MS/region /local service funding from taxation
Yes – funding for village halls, multi-use spaces, conversion / restoration / adaptation of buildings and facilities to new functions e.g. IT equipment, recycling
technologies, mobile service provision (libraries, health, post)
Yes – promoting approaches based upon best practice examples
3. F 21. Rural control and governance of financial capital
No – no obvious
applications Yes – Support for monitoring financial flows within the local economy, to assess needs
/opportunities for action
Yes – support to set up surveillance groups and initiatives to reduce rural financial leakages, and to set up local trading and credit schemes
Yes – promoting approaches based upon best practice examples
3. H 22. Skills and education for rural quality of life
No – no obvious
property rights issues Yes – support to maintain lifelong learning services in remote/dispersed areas
Yes – support for market research / skills audits, aid to set up new services, acquire specialist equipment (e.g. IT )
Yes – promoting best practice
3. S 23, 24 and 25.
Services and groups to overcome social exclusion, improve access to facilities
No – no obvious
property rights issues Yes – payments to subsidise group running and networking costs, support to fund
labour/care exchanges
Yes – payments for R&D, to plan, set up groups, employ enablers, experimental approaches to self- help and building social capital, local events, local histories/ archive
Yes –advice on best practice, promotion and advice on how to successfully adopt these models 3. NC 26.celebrating environmental and cultural assets No obvious property
rights issues Yes – can support regular events / traditions, if no potential for self-financing
Yes – can support background research, planning, one-off events and self-financing ventures
Yes – advice on best practice, promotion of its wider value for SD