The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
11. THE CAUSITIVE FORM
İşi yaptıran get veya have ile başlar, yapılan işin fiili past participle şeklindedir.
I must have my hair cut.
I got it brought from İzmir.
You can get your trousers lengthened.
I got the house cleaned.
She had that letter translated into Turkish.
They will get the ceiling whitewashed.
Did they have their roof mended?
12. CLAUSES
Noun Clause That
I don’t believe that he helps anybody.
I imagine that you will like that placce Did you say that London is a nosiy city?
Does he think that it will rain today?
Who
She forget who had broken that window.
Do you know who has brought this?
Tell me who that girl is?
I don’t remember who was absent yesterday.
whom
I don’t remember to whom I have hiven it.
He reminded me whom I had seen on the way to school.
She didn’t tell for whom she bought that dress Did you forget whom you met in the street?
whose
She asked me whose this pen it was.
I have forgotten whose house that is.
She knows whose mother that is Do you remember whose book it is
which
Show me which window you have broken.
Do you know which house they live in?
I can tell which camera you had beter buy.
I couldn’t remember which was his?
where
I don’t remember where I have put my bag.
She asked me where I was last night.
They couldn’t tell where they had spent last night.
We told them where we had a picnic.
when
Do you know when they will come?
She doesn’t remember when she bought her house.
He asked me when I was born.
She didn’t tell me when she had come back.
why
I don’t know why they haven’t come.
She won’t tell anybody why she is angry.
That boy has forgotten why his father has sent him here.
No one knows why he doesn’t work at all
how
Tell me how she is this morning.
She forgot how mony eggs she had bought.
I don’t know how he makes his living.
He asked me how far Chicago was to New York
What
She told me what happened at the cinema last night.
I want you to tell me what time you will return.
Do you know what this thing is?
She knows what books she needs?
The scientists believe that the auroras are caused by the action of the earth’s magnetic fields on electrons from the sun.
I think (that) he is he is a good dentist I know (that) George is innocent.
I am sure (that) the burglar broke in through the window.
It is a fact that earth goes around the sun.
It is very important that she should see a doctor It seems obvious that the weather will be rainy.
Adjective Clause
Who, Which, That sıfat cümleciğinin ismi durumundadır.
A man who (that) studies will learn quickly.
The book which (that) is on the table is mine.
The man who (that) visited you on Sunday was a teacher.
The data that gathered during the experiment are observations.
Whom, Which, That, When, Where sıfat cümleciğinde tümleç olarak kullanılır.
He is a man whom we all admire.
Children like the stories that (which) he writes.
The horse that I ride is white.
The house where we live is quite convenient.
The house in which we live is quite convenient.
I like the books that (which) he wrote. (write - wrote – written) The bridge that (which) they have built is not safe.
Whose sıfat cümleciğinde özne veya nesneleri isim veya zamir olarak niteler, belirtir.
The person whose money you have stolen must be worried.
The boy whose friends will meet here at nine O’clock is Tom.
I saw the man from whose son you bought the car. (see - saw –seen)
Edatlar ya bu bağ kelimelerinden hemen önce ya da sıfat cümleciğinden sonra kullanılır.
That is the teacher with whom I studied last year.
That is teacher whom I studied with last year I know the street on which you live.
I know the street which you live on.
The boy from whom you have got this book is my brother.
The boy whom you have got this book from is my brother.
The country about which I am studying is France.
The country which I am studying about is France.
Adverbial Clause
Adverbial Clause of Time; bu cümlecikler zaman zarfı görevini yaparlar.
when
I always leave home when the postman comes.
She was at home when you came.
When she was ill, the doctor came home every day.
while
We listen while the teacher talks.
I will make a telephone call while you are doing that.
While you were in class, I was studying chemistry.
as
He was working as we were playing.
I was there as she was telling that story.
I don’t talk much as I am eating.
As soon as
Plaese phone me as soon as you come back.
We all stood upas soon as he entered.
He will leave home as soon as you come.
before
We were ready to go before they came.
I had done my work before you began.
Before he goes out, it will begin raining.
after
We will go to cinema after we finish our work.
We all go out after the bell rings.
After she came, everbody really enjoyed at the party.
Untill (till)
She will wait for me untill (till) I finish my work.
We shall study untill we learn the answers of all questions.
Untill the rain stopped, only one person left the shelter.
since
It is seven years old I arrived in this city.
Since I saw her death, I have been run down.
Nobody left the room since you came in.
It is seven years old I arrived in this city.
When means at that moment, at that time, etc..
He was talking on the phone when I arrived.
When she called, he had already eaten lunch.
I washed the dishes when my daughter fell asleep.
We'll go to lunch when you come to visit.
Before means 'before that moment'.
We will finish before he arrives.
She (had) left before I telephoned.
After means 'after that moment'.
We will finish after he comes.
She ate after I (had) left.
Whil' and as are both usually used with the past continuous because the meaning of during that time which indicates an action in progess.
She began cooking while I was finishing my homework.
As I was finishing my homework, she began cooking.
By the time expresses the idea that one event has been completed before another. It is important to notice the use of the past perfect for past events and future perfect for future events in the main clause.
This is because of the idea of something happening up to another point in time.
By the time he finished, I had cooked dinner.
We will have finished our homework by the time they arrive.
Until and till express up to that time. We use either the simple present or simple past with 'until' and 'till'. 'Till' is usually only used in spoken English.
We waited until he finished his homework.
I'll wait till you finish.
Since means 'from that time'. We use the present perfect (continuous) with since. Since can also be used with a specific point in time.
I have played tennis since I was a young boy.
They have worked here since 1987.
As soon as is very similar to 'when' it emphasizes that the event will occur immediately after the other.
We usually use the simple present for future events, although present perfect can also be used.
He will let us know as soon as he decides (or as soon as he has decided).
As soon as I hear from Tom, I will give you a telephone call.
Whenever and every time mean 'each time something happens'. We use the simple present (or the simple past in the past) because 'whenever' and 'every time' express habitual action.
Whenever he comes, we go to have lunch at "Dick's".
We take a hike every time he visits.
The first, second, third, fourth etc., next, last time means 'that specific time'. We can use these forms to be more specific about which time of a number of times something happened.
The first time I went to New York, I was intimidated by the city.
I saw Jack the last time I went to San Francisco.
The second time I played tennis, I began to have fun.
Adverbial Clause of Concession
İmtiyaz ya da izin olup olmaması, bir işin yada hareketin yapılıp yapılmamasını anlatır. (Though – Although )
I like to live in this city though it is very crowded.
She lives like a poor woman although she has a lot of money.
Altough I don’t speak German well, I read it easly.
I prefer to live in Paris through I like London beter.
We like tol ive in the south of Turkey altough it is very hot in summer.
Altough he doesn’t work very hard, he gets good marks.
Adverbial Clause of Cause or Reason Sebep anlatırlar. (For – Since – Because - As ) She didn’t go to school because she was ill Since she was too late,she missed the train.
As she was too young, she wasn’t given a job in the firm.
He became a poor man, for he wasted all his money.
I failed, beacuse I hadn’t studied at all.
Since they didn’t come, I ate alone.
Adverbial Clause of Purpose
Bir amaç anlatır ( So that - In order that ) She wears the glasses so that she will see beter.
The bus stoped in order that some people could get on.
I stood up, in order that I could see beter.
She is going by bus so that she can get there earlier.
I bought a story book in order that I might read in the train.
Adverbial Clause of Result ( So, So....That, Such....That ) I missed the bus, so I had to walk.
All the seats in the buswere occupied, sos he had to stand.
I like the books, so I buy the books every month.
They were late, so we waited a long time.
She doesn’t do her homework, so she gets bad marks.
So….that
So ile that arasına sıfat ya da zarf konur.
That water is so cold that I can’t drink it.
It rained so much that the fields were flooded.
She got up so early that it was dark yet.
She works so hard that she she isn’t usually aware of what time it is.
She spoke so fast that I couldn’t understand a word.
Such….that
Such ile that arasına sıfat ya da isim konur.
She is such a good girl that everybody likes her.
It is such a good news that everbody will be glad to hear it.
It was such a lovely day that we couldn’t help going on a picnic.
She is such a busy woman that she has no time for entertainment.
They are such rough and step mountains that it is impossible to climb up them.
WHETEHER & IF
Does he speak English? I don’t know.
I don’t know if he speaks English. I don’t know whether he speaks English.
Is she studying at the moment? I wonder it.
I wonder whether she is studying at the moment. I wonder if she is studying at the moment.
Did the boss call me? I want to know this.
I want to know whether the boss called me. I want to know if the boss called me.
Incorrect: I must know if or not she likes fish. Not: or not kullanımına dikkat ediniz.
Will she come to the party? It is unimportant to me.
Whether she will come to the party or not is unimportant to me.
Incorrect: If she will come to the party is unimportant to me.
Questions
Where does she live? I don’t know. I don’t know where she lives.
Where can I find stamps? Can you yell me? Can you tell me where I can buy some stamps?
When will they arrive here? Do you know? Dou you know when they will arrive here?
Why didn’t you come to the party? I wonder it. I wonder why you didn’t come to the party.
Who are those people? I wonder it. I wonder who those people are.
Whose car is it? Do you know this? Do you know whose car it is?
Who is he? I don’t know it. I don’t know who he is.
Who killed this man? Nobody knows it. Nobody knows who killed this man.
What happened? Do you know it? Do you know what happened?
Who is responsible for this accident? I have no idea. I have no idea who is responsible for this accident.
How did the robbers open the safe? This must be investigated. How the robbers opened the safe must be investigated. It must be investigated how the robbers opened the safe.
Why did he resign from his post? It doesn’t concern me. Why he resigned from his post doesn’t concern me. It doesn’t concern me why he resigned from his post.