Changes in sea level result not only from changes in water temperature, which affect water density, but also from the melting of glaciers

44. The survival of coral colonies, which are composed of innumerable tiny polyps living in a symbiotic relationship with brilliantly colored algae, is being threatened, experts say, not only by pollutants such as agricultural runoff, oil slicks, and trash, but also by dropped anchors, probing divers, and global warming.

173 (GWD-10-Q18) In analyzing campaign expenditures, the media have focused on the high costs and low ethics of campaign finance, but they have generally overlooked the cost of actually administering elections, which includes facilities, transport, printing, staffing, and technology.

205. (GWD-9-Q17) Unlike most other mergers in the utility industry, which have been driven by the need to save money and extend companies’ service areas, the merger of the nation’s leading gas company and leading electric company is intended to create a huge network for marketing the utilities in question as states open their utility markets to competition.

216. (GWD-13-1) Although she had been known as an effective legislator first in the Texas Senate and later in the United States House of Representatives, Barbara Jordan did not become a nationally recognized figure until 1974, when she participated in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon, which were televised nationwide.

4. 通发发发 发which的所指：区

488.Like the government that came before it, which set new records for growth, the new government has made laissez-faire capitalism its cornerstone.

Stoneren语语which指代的一个 点：发

OG10-114: From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage yet was so light that a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids.

补which 的潜在指代 象是发 语语语语语语语语语语语语语语语语语 ，且其指代 象的修 成分比发 发 发 发发发，那么定发

重于指代核心名 （在没有 法和 的前提下）。

发 发 发 发发发发

语语语语语语

语语from…to…倒用的合理性：

127. (31278-!-item-!-188;#058&004418)

After decreasing steadily in the mid-1990's, the percentage of students in the United States finishing high school or having earned equivalency diplomas increased in the last three years of the decade, up to 86.5 percent in 2000 from 85.9 percent in 1999 and 84.8 percent in 1998.

(A) finishing high school or having earned equivalency diplomas increased in the last three years of

the decade, up to 86.5 percent in 2000 from 85.9 percent in 1999 and

(B) finishing high school or earning equivalency diplomas, increasing in the last three years of the

decade, rising to 86.5 percent in 2000 from 85.9 percent in 1999 and from

(C) having finished high school or earning an equivalency diploma increased in the last three years

of the decade, and rose to 86.5 percent in 2000 from 85.9 percent in 1999 and from (D) who either finished high school or they earned an equivalency diploma, increasing

in the last

three years of the decade, rose to 86.5 percent in 2000 from 85.9 percent in 1999 and

(E) who finished high school or earned equivalency diplomas increased in the last three years of the

decade, to 86.5 percent in 2000 from 85.9 percent in 1999 and 语语语E

211. (GWD-8-Q39语OG12-136)

Whereas in mammals the tiny tubes that convey nutrients to bone cells are arrayed in parallel lines, in birds the tubes form a random pattern.

A. Whereas in mammals the tiny tubes that convey nutrients to bone cells are arrayed in parallel lines, in birds the tubes

B. Whereas the tiny tubes for the conveying of nutrients to bone cells are arrayed in mammals in parallel lines, birds have tubes that

C. Unlike mammals, where the tiny tubes for conveying nutrients to bone cells are arrayed in parallel lines, birds’ tubes

D. Unlike mammals, in whom the tiny tubes that convey nutrients to bone cells are arrayed in parallel lines, the tubes in birds

E. Unlike the tiny tubes that convey nutrients to bone cells, which in mammals are arrayed in parallel lines, in birds the tubes

语语语语语Whereas in mammals…., in birds…

语语语

补 补 补 comparison补 1. 语语语

(1) whereas = while补while前后句子之发发要求并列相 ）发

(2) whereas 接的平行比 只要求 比的核心发 发 发 发发上有 称关系，不要求 称位置必 是 称名发 发 发 发 发语 下面句子中主从句的主 分 是发 发 energy补 nuclear power并不是 称名 ，但是 比的核心都是发 发 发

“核能发发 发发占 出能量的份发”：

补OG12-131 Over 75 percent of the energy produced in France derives from nuclear power, whereas nuclear power accounts for just over 33 percent of the energy produced in Germany.

发 发 发 each language occupies a distinct area of the brain是主发发发全；

language areas overlap是主 ，没有发 发发。但 个分句依然算是平行，因发 发发发 发已 平行。）语 prep1-29 Pine trees thrive in relatively wet climates, whereas oaks prefer drier ones.

prep1-54 In cooking, small quantities of spices are used, whereas in medicinal usage spices are taken in large quantities in order to treat particular maladies.

prep2-102 Whereas a female grizzly bear in the Rockies typically occupies a range of 50 to 300 square miles, a male will cover 200 to 500 and occasionally as many as 600.

prep1-194. Whereas the honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed and cannot be retracted from the skin, the yellow jacket’s stinger is comparatively smooth, and can therefore be pulled out and used again.

语语933. Whereas owners of condominium apartments have free and clear title to their dwellings, owners of cooperative apartments have shares in a corporation that owns a building and leases apartments to them.

GWD18-2 According to findings derived from functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the area of the brain in which a second or third language is stored depends on the age of the language learner; whereas each language occupies a distinct area of the brain in an adult learner, language areas overlap in a young child.

(3) 准 面 中，发 发 发 like/unlike语 语 语 语 语 (不一定具体名发)表比 ，不能加不定式短发 发,语 语 语 语

排列，一个是birds用怎么 的发 tubes，比 主体成了发 tubes补 birds，因此发发；the tiny tubes for the conveying of nutrients to bone cells表 不清晰，不如用定 从句来修 ：发 发 发 the tiny tubes that convey nutrients to bone cells are arrayed

C. mammals补 tubes不 等；发 mammals不是地点、位置，用关系代发where语 语 mammals语语语the tiny tubes for the conveying of nutrients to bone cells表 不清晰同发 B

D. mammals补 tubes不 等；发 in whom关系代发发发，要用in which

E. 主句主发tubes语 语 语 语 语 语 in birds，需要改发tubes in birds语which语 语 cells语 语 语 语 the tiny tubes are arrayed in parallel lines，此句 成了发 bone cells are arrayed in parallel lines，改 语语语

语语语语语

1. who, whom 只能指人，不可指物（如 language，要用which 指代）；which 只能指物，不可指人 2. 发发发 发法 定 that 不能用于指人，而只能用 that 指思想 点、 物或不具有生命的物体发 发 (植物属于不

具有生命的物体)，要用whose, whose 可以指人也可以指物(prep1-192)

3. OG11-130 里面发that 不能指代人，只能用 who 语 语 语 补( 然 代英 用法中发 发 发 that 可以用于不同情形) 4. 本发发 OG12-136语OG 解发发：

Idiom; Rhetorical construction; Parallelism

Whereas introduces two contrasting situations or events and should be followed by parallel structures. In this sentence, whereas is immediately followed by a clause beginning with the prepositional phrase in mammals; this means that the second part of the sentence must also be a clause that opens with a preposition that functions in the same way—in this case, in birds. This structure clarifies that the things being contrasted are the tubes in mammals and the tubes in birds. Incorrect versions of the sentence grammatically contrast tubes and birds, mammals and tubes, or birds and mammals.

A Correct. Parallel structures make clear that the tubes in mammals are being contrasted with the tubes in birds.

B The faulty parallelism results in a sentence that is confusing and unnecessarily wordy.

C The sentence compares mammals and birds’ ubes.

D Because of faulty parallelism, this sentence also compares mammals and tubes in birds.

E This structure is wordy and confusing because of faulty parallelism.

Th e correct answer is A.

212. (GWD-10-Q1)

According to a survey of graduating medical students conducted by the Association of American Medical Colleges, minority graduates are nearly four times more likely than are other graduates in planning to practice in socioeconomically deprived areas.

A. minority graduates are nearly four times more likely than are other graduates in planning to practice

B. minority graduates are nearly four times more likely than other graduates who plan on practicing

C. minority graduates are nearly four times as likely as other graduates to plan on

practicing

D. it is nearly four times more likely that minority graduates rather than other graduates will plan to practice

E. it is nearly four times as likely for minority graduates than other graduates to plan to practice

语语语语语According to…, minority graduates are…four times as likely as…to plan on…

语语语 用 （

发发 发 idiom补 发发意思（logical predication补 1. as+adj/adv+as语more than固定搭配：

2. Plan的用法：

plan to do something语 He said he planned to write his essay tonight.

plan on doing something语 When do you plan on going to Geneva?

plan something语 The former president is planning a return to politics.

3. be likely to do 很容易、 向于做某事。发

4. 发发句的发发是：It +be +语 语 语 语 + that (who) + 主 句。发 发发句的发发只有 个，发 that补 who补 当发发的部分是人，且 句子的主发 发发，才用"who"，其余用that。发发句中it无所指。

*：区发发发句型和其他从句的最好方法是“发发法 。也就是 ，如果把句子中” 发 “It be…that…” 一框发 架去掉，句子的剩余部分（可以 行位置上的 整）发 发 发发完整，意思通 ，合乎发 发发 发， that引 的发 是发发句型，否发发其他从句。例如：It was at nine yesterday that we met the film star.

“ ”

　　 用发 发发法 ，此句可改写 ：发 We met the film star at nine yesterday. 然，句子发 发发完 整，意思通 ，故发 发发发句型。

语语语语语

A. 主系表发发的比 中，如果是主 比 ，系发 发 发 发发要省略，are语 语 语 be likely in doing用法发发 发， 补be likely to do…

B. who plan on practicing 成定 从句修发 发 发graduates，使得be likely to发发不完整

C. 语语语four times as likely as…补 four times more likely than…都是可以的，且含发相同；Be likely to do...语语语语语plan on doing…补补 补 补

D. 发里是发发句型，It is likely that…句型可以用(OG 10-237)语more…than比 句型不完整，使得发 minority graduates不知道和 比，发 发发发么写minority graduates一定不是和other graduates 比，合适的发发发发是it is X times more likely that A will happen than that B will happen 语 不 更合适的是发 'A is X times more likely to happen than B’

E. four times as…than…语语语语语语语for minority graduates补 other graduates不平行(补 than 原发 发 as后即可发发)

语语语语语

1. 关于倍数的表发----by balabaladou7语

语语语GMAT发法全解》中发发“...times + 语 语 语 /副 比发 发发 + than...”属于有争 的发 发发，因发发

“

生歧 。 准 面 中避免使用此发 发 发 发 发发。....times + as+语 语 语 /语语+as" 常用。发 但好像 道真 法上有发 发 :--6补 OG例子 明 个 种表 都可以。发 发 发 发 发

five times as...as 补 five times more/greater than...是表 相同的数量概念的发 . 是英 国家的发 发

言 ，不能用中文硬翻理解

发 发发 . 道真 法发 发 P384/ 尾注 。发 发

*： 个 法点发 发 manhattan语语语P260上指出来发发发者意思是不同的，一个是5倍一个是6倍，并且 比发发的用法是发发避免。大家借 性吸收。发

2. as语than引 比 从句中的省略原发 发 发----form 白勇 法发

1) 比 从句发 发发与主句发发相同，可用do语did语does代替。

2) 比 从句 系发 发 发发be与主句 系发 发发be相同，可以省略be，也可以不省略。

3) 主 发发发发发 短 发 使 用 “ 助 发发 （ 如 have 语 has 语 had 语 will ） 或 情 发发发 补can语could语may语should补 +verb”形式 ，比 从句往往省略发 发 verb，保留助发发或情发发发。 4) 比 从句的主 和发 发 发发与主句的主 和发 发发相同 ，可以全部省去，常常保留做状 的介 短发 发 发 发

或状 从句。发