CHANIA: FUNCTIONAL PATTERNS

The syntactic spatial analysis of Chania has shown that the city functions as a uniform system. The old core of the city has been lost its early structure, although it retains some of its spatial elements. The connection between the old and the new city is better than this one of Heraklion. Thus, the old core appears to be part of an entire system, what Chania has been in 1990. For the sake of the argument, it is interesting to investigate the functional pattern of the city, as this emerges from the distribution of land uses. The study mapped the functional pattern of the city during 1905 and 1990 since there has been no evidence of land uses in Chania during 1660, 1947 and 1963.

In 1905 Chania has not expanded towards any direction outside the first recorded settlement. Plate 22 which features the land uses in the city during 1905, shows Cannevaro Str., as the backbone of the first settlement before 17th century, which appears to be the administrative centre of the settlement, where all the buildings of the governors are located. This line, which functions both as global and local integrator ends to the square, where was recorded as the social centre of the Greek community of the city. The Turkish community was gathered on a different square, clearly separated from this one of Greeks, related to other integrators. In contrast to the functional pattern of Heraklion in 1666-68 (Plate 19), in Chania the social centres of the city are separated from the food market, which was located on the edge of the city (Figs. 27,28,29).

In 1990 the city has apparently enlarged and it has been expanded outside its old core. The functional pattern emerges from the distribution of land uses, mapped

in Plate 2315_{. Within the old core the shops, which dominate the retail uses are}

the tourist shops. These tourist shops are distributed along Halidon Str, and Zambeliou Str., 1-step away from Halidon Str. The syntactic analysis has shown that Halidon Str is one of the two strong lines which connects the old and the new city and both local and global integrator. 1-step away from this dominant integrator, that is along Sifaka Str. there are handicraft shops making and selling traditional knives. These shops used to function as local manufacturers, but in 1990 they seem to be addressed to tourists. Hence, the “live centre” of the city is found on the edge of the old core, while the old core houses all the functions bound up with tourism.

The food market, a building of 1911 is located on Tsouderon Str, just outside the old city. It has a similar location with the open food market of 1905. All the boutiques are located along local integrators of the system such as Giannari Str, Dimokratias Str, Tzanakaki Str.,Kidonias Str, Kriari Str., on other streets 2-steps away from them, and in some cases 3-step away from them(Ch.Episkopou Str.) The convexity of these shopping areas can be explained by the spatial property of the “live centre”, known as local grid conditions, described above. In Chania banks are distributed unevenly, along the same lines which comprise the “live centre”.The plotting of land uses in Plate 23, clearly shows that the compact and convex “live centre” of the city lies on the edge of the old core. Thus, the functional pattern of Chania in 1990 manifests what has been already mentioned about the functional separation of the old core from the urban buzz. The old core is the spatial framework for the tourist functions, which are developed along lines.

15 _{The main source of these data has been a research conducted in 1977 by A. S. Kalligas -A. G.} Romanos for the medieval town of Chania, provided from the local authorities, enriched with observations by the researcher.

Fig. 27 Chania at the beginning of 20th century. Canevaro Str. at the time of First World War.

Fig. 28 Chania at the beginning of 20th century. The market place at the time of First World War.

8.3 Findings

The findings of the previous functional analysis are limited because of the lack of some historical data. The functional analysis of Heraklion has shown that the old city retains its significance in terms of its urban life. The old core appears to be the main location of the urban buzz for three centuries (17th -20th century). The dominant functional pattern of its “live centre” between 1960-1990 is formed by strong lines around of which convex shopping areas are formed particularly marked in the functional pattern in 1990 (Plate 21). Regarding Chania the analysis has shown that in 1990 the “live centre” is found on the edge of the old city. The pattern that emerges is a convex shape with a strong line, Halidon Str. along which the tourist shops are located. This line is the strong line, which connects the old with the new city. However, due to lack of data the study has not traced the possible transformation of Chania’s functional pattern throughout its evolution process, especially during the recent years.

9 Discussion

Looking at both cities in terms of their different functional pattern within their historical core the study has pinpointed differences in their evolution process. The spatial analysis emerged that Heraklion and Chania followed different rules of growth. The latter reflected in the morphology of their grid. In the light of the specific hypothesis of the study, which presumed that the different functional

Fig. 29 Chania at the beginning of 20thcentury. Square of “Sintrivani” at the time of First World War.

patterns were due to differences of the grid, the syntactic analysis showed different syntactic parameters between Heraklion and Chania.These differences have been clearly described by the rad-rad analysis of the grid of both contemporary settlements. Hence, the rad-rad analysis of Heraklion in 1990 showed that its old city has retained its significance as focal point of the city. The grid inside the walls is part of the extensive integration core of the city as a whole. In 1990 the geometrical focus of the old city and the integration core of the city in 17th _{century, is consisted of lines, which function as local centres (Plate}

7,8). On the other hand, Chania followed the rules of growth according to which other historical cities have evolved. Thus, as the settlement had grown its integration core had been displaced from the historical core towards the edge and finally outside of it. The rad-rad analysis of the city in 1990 showed the segregation of the old core. The historic core retains its significance partly as having local centres. This old city as local area is easily accessible to strangers by strong lines from the edge of the area, like other European historic cities. (Hillier, B., 2001). In this particular city, these strong lines, the streets Halidon and Daskalogianni. are the connections between the old historical part of the city and the new settlement and both cross the whole old core in north-south axis.(Plate 15,16).

These different spatial patterns, best described by the rad-rad analysis of the settlements have been suggestive for the different functional patterns, mapped in Plates 21 and 23. The functional pattern of Heraklion during the decades 60s and 90s describes the old core as the place where the urban buzz is located (Plate 20,21). Hence, in 1990 the main shopping streets are found inside the walled city, forming a convex shape with strong lines. Unlike other historical cities, Heraklion retains its historical core as its main functional core that is its “live centre”. The latter that is strongly bound with the natural movement has been described by the rad_8 analysis of Heraklion in 1990, which has showed the main grid of the old city as comprising dominant integrators (Plate 8). Unlike Heraklion, Chania’s functional pattern, mapped in Plate 23 showed that its “live centre” is located on the edge of the old core. The old core having an historical significance functions as an attraction for visitors. The tourist shops along Halidon Str and 1-step away from it justify old core’s spatio-functional features. The rad_9 analysis of the city showed that the old core is clearly separated from the integration core, having one strong connector with it. This true- to life spatial pattern seems to have been very suggestive for the functional and current movement patterns of the city.

Therefore, the study having explored the relation between the spatial and functional pattern of both cities, as they have been emerged from the syntactic and functional analysis suggests that the morphology of the grid of a city can be informative about the urban system and how it works. Considering the limited historical data, this study revealed a problematic upon two apparently similar

urban systems which function differently. Finally, regarding the research question which is about the reasons of their different functional pattern, the study has shown that syntactic analysis of the grid, especially the radius-radius analysis related with the evolution of land uses is a promising line for further research with more complete data.

10 Conclusions

Despite the similar historical process that these two cities were formed, their evolution process appears to have led to different spatial and functional patterns. Heraklion and Chania differ in terms of the size of their first core. Heraklion’s old core comprises a substantial part of the settlement as a whole. Its significant in terms of the function of the whole city, can be traced on the intensification and density of its grid, which have taken place during the last decades. However, despite its size and density, the historical old core is not well connected with the settlement as a whole. The latter reaches the old city through four lines, which are not very strong. On the contrary Chania’s historical city is a small part of the contemporary settlement, which has been expanded significantly during 20th century. Old core’s morphology of the grid is clearly different of this one of the new part of the city. This old historical city is connected to the new city through two strong lines, which practically cross the old core on the north-south axis. As a conclusion, this study suggests that it is its size, its density, and its connections to the new city that enabled Heraklion’s historical core to function as a “city into the city”. For the same reasons Chania’s historical core is a local area of the city, which because of its significance in terms of its historical evolution, functions as an attraction both for the inhabitants and the strangers.

Heraklion - Chania:

A study of the evolution of its spatial and functional patterns

Heraklion, Greece,1936

Heraklion, Greece,1960

Chania, Greece,1947

Idis 1821

Minoos 1821

Papandreou 1821

Kapodistria 1821

1666-68

1936

1990

1666-68

1936

Hegoumenou G. Halidon

Giamboudaki Halidon

Halidon

1660 1905 1947 1990 1963 Kanevaro Halidon Kanevaro Halidon

1660 1905 1947 1990 1963 Kanevaro Halidon Kanevaro Halidon

1821

KEY

KEY

banks Kalokairinou

1821

Dikaiosinis KEY banks Averof 1866 Kalokairinou Evans

KEY

Halidon Zambeliou Tsouderon Tzanalaki Dimokratias KEY banks

Appendix

According to the census of 1991 the city of Heraklion had a population of 129,345 citizens, while the authorities anticipate that this population will expand to 218,841 citizens in 2013.16 _{Considering all the statistics, it reveals that during}

the 20th century the population of Heraklion has increased mostly, regarding the population of all the other major towns of Crete, including the town of Chania. This significant increase has remained almost the same throughout Heraklion’s historical process. In terms of the 20th century the bigger increase of its population took place during the years 1920-1928, when it increased up to 38%. An important aspect of Cretan social and demographic history during this period was the large number of refugees from Asia Minor that were resettled on Crete, mainly in the area around Heraklion. In September 1922, according to the new reports and descriptions in the newspapers of the day, more than 20.000 refugees were in the harbour and roads of Heraklion. In January 1923 the Treaty of Lausanne was signed by Turkey and Greece, whereby an exchange of populations was agreed upon. The homes and property of the Muslims were handed over to the Greek refugees from Asia Minor. Thus, most of the refugees settled in the towns or their outlying districts where the Muslims had largely confined themselves since the beginning of the century. The previous argument is reinforced by the fact that in the census of 1928 the proportion of the citizens of Heraklion being refugees appears to be up to 39.30% of the whole population. However, the percentage of the increase of population during the years 1940- 1951 was 30.5%, which appears to be the bigger increase among all the settlements in Crete during the after the Second World war era.17 _{To the previous}

statistics can be added the fact that a small percentage of the population of Crete immigrated to more developed countries like the United States of America and this proportion is described as 0.78%0 of the population of the county of

Heraklion. The statistics in terms of the population of the larger area of Heraklion between the years 1951-2013 according to the census can be seen in the scattegram and the table below18:

16 _{The population statistics are mentioned in the report conducted by The Ministry of Environment} of Greece, in 1998 for the city of Heraklion.

17 _{The details about the percentage of the increase of population in Heraklion are found in the} research conducted by A.Proveleggios in 1966 for Heraklion.

18 _{The details of the statistics for the larger area of Heraklion are found in the research conducted} by the Ministry of Environment in 1998 for the city of Heraklion.

larger area of Heraklion Year Population 1951(Census) 54,878 1961(Census) 63,765 1971(Census) 84,354 1981(Census) 111,335 1991(Census) 124,345 2001(anticipation) 166,617 20013(anticipation) 218,841

The statistics relating the population of Heraklion during the 20th century can be completed by the statistics of the population of Candia, the former name of the city, from its formation until 1913. Thus, in 827 the founding population of the city appears to be 15,000 citizens. However, there is a decrease of this amount between the years 1300-1669. The population between these years has been recorded as 11,474 people. In the year 1669 when Candia was occupied by Ottomans 7,700 soldiers and 4,000 citizens fled. The next years the city of Candia was gradually repopulated. However, in 1800 Candia appears to have 15,000 citizens, while in 1850 there is a significant increase of the population when the city appears to have 18,910 citizens (Chandler, T., 1974,p.172). Furthermore, according to the census in 1900 its population is 22,501 citizens, which in 1913, when Crete became part of Greece, increased to 25,000 people. Consequently, in terms of the evolution of the population of Heraklion, it emerges that there is a significance increase of it from the 18th century until today.

As far as the economy of the city is concerned, this appears to be mainly based on trade activities, although there are also a large number of administrative services. The latter is justified from the census of 1961, which describes that 59.2% of the active population in Heraklion is employed in this sector of the economy, which includes both the trade activities and this one of the

Population of Heraklion 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Population

administration.19 _{The latter proportion is split into 24% of it that it is related with}

the trade and the 28.5% of it, which are related with the administration. The previous describes Heraklion’s significance in terms of the services that the city provides to all the other settlements, manifesting its significance for the economy and its evolution of Crete. However, what seems to describe better the reality in terms of the trade activities, is the fact that the majority of them are related with the retail and there is also a proportion that is related with the wholesale. According to a research conducted in 1958 the number of shops, located within the city were 1562. This number is divided as follows: 402 (25.7%) of them were wholesale shops and 1160 (74.3%) of them were retail shops. The shops were mainly located into the “centre”, that is into the part of the city inside the Venetian walls. Today, according two researches, which have been conducted in 1985 and 1998, the trade activities remain almost the same as they have been described above.

What seems to describe the socio-economic features of Candia (Heraklion) until 17th century is the fact that trade activities dominated the economy of the society. Hence, during the period of Venetian rule artisans and professionally trained individuals were particularly active in all urban centres of Crete. Over 50 crafts, divided into various specialities, are recorded: masons, carpenters, cobblers, barbers, tailors, saddle makers, bridle makers, hatters, cap makers, sword smiths, bow makers, arrow makers, furriers, goldsmiths, locksmiths, ditchers, farm wall makers, chandlers, rope-yard makers, turners, pewterers, coopers, tanners, sausage makers and others. The artisans and the workers they employed in these various trades and professions were organise into guilds or schools the same as in Italian cities, in order to secure the solidarity of their trade, their protection of their rights, improvements in living and working conditions and mutual aid of their members (Detorakis, T., 1990,p.194). Their membership was reinforced into spaces, which had been identified as belonging to every different guild; every guild had its own church.

However, during the 15th century and until the 19th century the trade activities were the main economic source for the population of Heraklion Therefore, during the 15th, 16th and 17th century, there were a variety of people engaged with trade, retail and wholesale. However, there was a large proportion of its population that had been members of what today is called administration. The identified division of the population between these who were engaged into trade activities and those who were part of administration also implies the division of the population into social classes. Thus, bourgeois were usually doctors or pharmacists or even notaries, while the middle social class was this one who was related with all trade activities. In terms of the guilds that have been mentioned above, doctors,

19 _{The details about the census of 1961 for the city of Heraklion are found in the research} conducted by A.Proveleggios in 1966 for Heraklion.

perfumers, pharmacists, painters, haberdashers and retailers constituted special