Both approaches of critical and strategic frame analysis were conducted in analysing the interviews. The interviews analysis focused on the diversity of interpretation and understanding of gender equality management policies by the participants (Verloo and Lombardo 2007). Furthermore, different participants’ attributes where always linked to the frames results of chapter eight. Again, chapter eight aimed to identify non dominant strategic frames of managing gender equality in order to present a systematic understanding of managing gender equality in UNDP/UNFPA country offices in Jordan and Egypt.
Similar to the previous chapters of analysis in this PhD thesis, using Nvivo was vital in coding, relating the codes to the different attributes, analysing and presenting the frames results of chapter eight.
The first stage in chapter eight was to define the aim and link it to critical and strategic frame analysis. In this aspect, the aim of chapter eight is to capture the different perspectives of the participants in their understandings and practices of managing gender equality and reveal the different dimensions affecting managing gender equality in UNDP/UNFPA country offices of Jordan and Egypt.
Following the approach of critical framing, all participants’ perspectives were linked back to their attributes. Such approach was conducted to systemise the
62 diversity within the participants’ perspectives.
Following the approach of strategic framing, both dominant and non dominant frames are identified in order to present the strategic dimensions of managing gender equality, an aspect which will lead to presenting a systematic understanding of managing gender equality.
Chapter eight will contribute to answer the first, third, fourth and fifth research questions in order to present how gender equality is managed from the participants’ perspective as chapter seven presented how gender equality is managed from UNDP/UNFPA written polices perspective. Therefore, the aim of chapter eight is to address how gender equality is managed and put into practice based on the UNDP/UNFPA staff perspectives.
2.21.1. Identifying frames
It has been highlighted in section (2.11) of this chapter that a clear limitation of frames analysis that, it doesn’t address how frames come into existence. Thus, the researcher in section (2.13) presented his own approach in forming the frames and how such approach was conducted. In this aspect the researcher adopted the approach in strategic framing where such approach distinguish between frames that were driven by the interviews and research questions and frame that emerged naturally.
Based on the above, six frames were identified;
1. Staff understandings of UNDP/UNFPA policies on gender equality management
2. Gender equality in equal opportunities and diversity 3. Gender equality culture
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4. Access to UNDP/UNFPA materials on gender equality 5. Gender equality training for UNDP/UNFPA staff 6. Practical approaches to manage gender equality
The following is a presentation of each frame in terms of its emergence and coding process;
1. Staff understandings of UNDP/UNFPA policies on gender equality: This frame was directed by the first interview question and the first research question. All answers on the first interview question was coded, the term “gender balance” was searched using the search tools in Nvivo as such term was frequent in the participants answers and was present in most of the participants answers. Therefore, the keyword “gender balance” was considered for coding at the first frame in all texts in interviews transcripts.
2. Gender equality in equal opportunities and diversity: This frame was directed by the sixth interview question. Besides coding participants’ answers on the question, a keyword search for the terms “diversity” “equal opportunities” was run to code any related texts to such frame.
3. Gender equality culture: This frame was directed by the third interview question. Besides coding all answers by participants on the third interview question a keyword search for the terms “culture” “tradition” “customs” “religion” was run to code any related texts to this frame. The keyword culture was the most frequent where “tradition” and “religion” where rarely mentioned still, the related texts were coded to the frame and analyzed. 4. Access to UNDP/UNFPA materials on gender equality: This frame emerged
neutrally through the different discourses of the interviews. The keywords search was conducted for the keywords “access” “resources” “reports” “policies” “regulations” “workload” and “materials”. The texts consisted of any of the keywords were read and decided by the researcher if it should be coded or not. Moreover, the interviews transcripts were read in search for any related argument that does not include any of the above keywords but still contribute to this frame. In this frame eight participants contributed to this
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frame. Although this frame was a non dominating frame it was decided by the researcher that it contribute effectively to the analysis and the results of this PhD thesis. The approach of identifying non dominant frame is considered within frame analysis.
5. Gender equality training for UNDP/UNFPA staff: This frame was directed by the fifth interview question. A keyword search of the terms “training” “sessions” “courses” and “workshops” was run. All participants’ answers on this question were coded beside all texts that consisted of any of the searched keywords. Moreover, the interviews transcripts were read in search for any related argument that does not include any of the above keywords but still contribute to this frame.
6. Practical approaches to manage gender equality: This frame was directed by the interviews fifth question. All participants’ answers were coded to this frame and analyzed. A keyword search for the terms “approaches” “management” “regulation” “rules” “practices” “policies” “acts”. Texts which included any of the keywords were read by the researcher and decided if it relates to the frame or not. Moreover, the interviews’ transcripts were read in search for any related argument that does not include any of the above keywords but still contribute to this frame.
What is efficient to highlight is that although the researcher considered the number of each keyword frequency still, the analysis was more aiming to identify the texts that consisted of the keyword and analyze the content of these texts rather than the frequency of the keyword itself.
Each of the frames was presented with its number of references from the interviews and the number of the interviews contributed to it.