Communication Methods and Students’ Discipline

Organizational decision making is based on communication. According to Teklemariam (2009), communication is an essential process in the development of a group behavior. The type of communication structure determines leadership, roles and the status hierarchy within the group; group morale and cohesiveness; and it limits or enhances relationships among the group. Communication is the tool to facilitate decision making in any organization, school being inclusive. Studies have indicated that school change is impossible without strong leaders collaborating and communicating the guiding beliefs and goals for their schools (Bennis &Nanus, 2003, Daft & Marcic, 2008, Harris, 2007, McEwan, 2003). Anderson (2006) concurred that communication can help shape the culture of the school and communication structures define the culture of the school through the interpretation of goals, values, standards, and beliefs. Fullan (2010) pointed out that the development and communication of a vision relative to goals and change processes can benefit the whole child. Similar to Kittisarn (2003), he argued that School Boards should design a mechanism which facilitates dissemination of the information which is related to students discipline to all school stakeholders.

Therefore, one of the most critical requirements of the leader in the school is to convey timely and thoughtful communication to students, teachers, support staff, parents, and community. Communication has appeared consistently in discussions of effective school leadership. Bennis and Nanus (2003) again emphasize that leadership is all about communicating and effective principals regularly utilizing communication skills in soliciting beliefs and ideas, advocating positions, and persuading others. Also, researchers pointed out that, highly effective principals communicate a genuine interest in others and demonstrate their human side with the capacity to listen, empathize, interact, and connect with students, teachers, and parents (McEwan, 2003; Soneson, 2005). Maeda (2015) suggested that in any institution, positive communication with the stakeholders is healthy and essential so that different stakeholders can work together as a team towards the attainment of the organization’s aims and objectives.

Helene (2008) carried out a study on the interplay between organizational structure and culture and principals’ communication with their teachers in a Swedish school setting and observed that communication about issues connected to teaching and learning, student outcomes and school improvement were in focus. The study also showed that most communication in schools was related to everyday activities and individual students. Teachers stated that their communication with their principals was uncomplicated and straightforward. According to Moore (2015) on the study about identification, effective communication practices for eliciting parental involvement at Two K-8 Schools in Spain discovered that fifty-six percent of the parents revealed that emails and letters from the school motivated their participation.

In the same study, twenty-five percent of the parents said that phone calls from the school discouraged them from engaging in school events because the communications were not received in a timely manner. The study also focused on parents’ preferred approach to school communication. Marchant, Paulson and Rothlisberg in Moore (2015) established that school communication should be structured around the needs of parents. Parents indicated that electronic communication from the schools would generate more involvement from them. The same study found that the greater percentage of parents, represented by 38% and 31% respectively, preferred the use of electronic sources and combined methods individually.

Again, Ramirez cited in Moore (2015) argued that parents were highly comfortable with modern communication and would, therefore, benefit from analogous forms of school communication that impersonate those of their everyday world. Parents responded that the personal dialogue with the staff was the least preferred method of school communication. The normal socioeconomic activities of parents made it difficult to schedule times that they could meet with school personnel. This finding should motivate schools to place more emphasis on electronic communication. However, the findings showed that very few parents stated that letters or emails were the least effective mode of communication. Emails from school were not effective because at least these two parents had no internet services.

Germaine (2015) who carried out a study on effective and efficient parent-teachers communication in the USA concurs with Moore by establishing that majority of

parents preferred email and text messages programmes to be the most effective and efficient communication in schools. Kindiki (2009) carried out a study on the effectiveness of communication on students discipline in secondary schools in Kenya. The study advised for use of students meetings and assemblies as main means of communication because they improved the interaction and relationship between the administration and the students hence leading to unity and peace in the school. This implies that during the meeting, the school administrators had close contact with the individual students hence this would enable relationship that would help them to trust and open up to issues that were of concern to them. In addition, Kihonge, Kopoka and Gunda (2015) during their study on the role of e-Government in the delivery of public services in Tanzania Electric Supply Company (TANESCO) in Ruvuma Region, Tanzania established that digital technology fastens decision making in public organizations. However, these researchers did not say anything on the practices that the School Board uses to communicate with the parents on issues related to students discipline and thus a need for this study.