Chapter 5. Results and Discussion
3. A Comparative Study of Parental Genetic Effects from Field- and
Table 25. Parental general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA), and reciprocal (REC) effects for percent kernel infection from the laboratory-based infection resistance screening trial in 2003.
Parents (Ps) GCA Crosses SCA REC Crosses SCA REC
914 (P1) -2.69* 914×A619 6.02** -2.26 A619×HY -1.79 11.98**
A619 (P2) 6.98** 914×A632 -0.64 -1.22 A619×WF9 -0.87 -4.86*
A632 (P3) -7.20** 914×HY 0.41 -0.35 A632×HY -0.64 -2.78 HY (P4) 4.09** 914×WF9 -5.79** -1.39 A632×WF9 4.63* -4.86*
WF9 (P5) -1.18 A619×A632 -3.36* -1.22 HY×WF9 2.03 11.11**
** Significant at p=0.01
* Significant at p=0.05
A comparison of the results between Tables 9 and 25 showed that 914 was the only parent that had both consistent sign or resistance direction and statistical significance for GCA effects. Other
parents had more or less divergence for GCA. Interestingly, parent A632, showing a highly unfavorable GCA effect (6.12**; Table 9), had the highest favorable GCA effect (-7.20**; Table 25). This discordance would confuse our judgment as to which one from the two tables should represent its true GCA in A. flavus resistance; in other words, which of the two methods would give a better estimate. Because LIRS had much better control of experimental conditions, we would probably tend to favor LIRS or opt to use its results if a choice must be made. But this could receive argument from people that LIRS-based data resulted from a static process, and the field-based data resulted from a dynamic process of A. flavus infection with full exposure to natural field conditions. But if one chose field evaluation, results are bound to suffer from such variable factors as substantial block variation and other hard-to-control variations caused by biotic and abiotic agents. The variation associated with field inoculation was also explained relative to the foregoing issues concerning ear size and the erratic nature of A. flavus infection in the field.
From the contrast across the two experiments for SCA (Tables 9 and 15), crosses 914 × A619 and 914 × WF9 were found to have the best correspondence, but only cross 914 × WF9 would be of interest to breeders. So only one specific cross out of 10 exhibited the desired performance that was proven regardless of the method used. There were three individual crosses that had consistently significant reciprocal effects but only A619 × HY showed agreement in sign, and A632 × WF9 and HY × WF9 were discordant in sign between the two methods.
The LIRS offered the potential to differentiate performance in A. flavus infection level measurement. The use of both methods would enrich our knowledge of this trait and help in screening for a true source of resistance to A. flavus in one more way. But in reality, the best bet is to pay more attention to the LIRS technique or other similar methodology. The main reason for this claim is that the LIRS showed the most reasonable data pattern; the data from LIRS are of high reproducibility. For instance, from Appendix A, one may find very close values (counts of infected kernels) across three plates for each entry of data, which is desirable. In addition, there were two entries that had straight 14s and straight 3s, which is perfect for a trial.
The major advantages of the LIRS method over the traditional one are summarized below:
▪ LIRS circumvented the issue of ear size, which is the largest source of experiment error in the field, as the numbers of kernels between entries (genotypes) are absolutely equal to each other.
▪ LIRS overcame the problem of the erratic nature of A. flavus infection in the field, which is the second largest source of experiment error in the field, as each of the kernels is absolutely exposed to identical inoculation stress and subjected to the fully homogeneous infection conditions. Hence they have an equal chance of being infected by A. flavus unless they are completely resistant.
▪ LIRS does not suffer from macroenvironmental variation that has been noted from year effects in this study as well as geographical variation or location effects. It can be carried out any time and anywhere without spatial and temporal limitations.
▪ LIRS does not suffer from microenvironmental variation that has been noted from block effects in this study, as each of the blocks or replications undergoes uniform ambience across incubations.
The multiple blocks or replications can even be put together in one incubator, if space permits, for a fully homogeneous incubation.
▪ LIRS has a high reproducibility of results across tests under the same conditions and hence is of high accuracy and precision in repeated trials. Considering all the positive features above, LIRS possesses the power to provide an objective and unbiased evaluation of maize PKI and to find the true genetic differences between maize genotypes due to its high comparability and a great control of errors.
▪ LIRS can create a much higher inoculation stress than field inoculation on the tested material with the exactly same concentration of inoculum as used in the field, as an incubator provides the
optimal conditions (temperature and humidity) for A. flavus to colonize maize kernels. This greater challenge from fungal invasion within an incubator has been proved by the requirement of just 10 days of incubation for A. flavus growth to completely appear in plate wells. In contrast, the field inoculation usually needs a longer time for visual A. flavus growth. Thereby, the low PKI of a maize genotype shown through a rigorous LIRS test would be warranted to have high resistance to A. flavus in the field unless it experiences some unfavorable environmental conditions. In other words, a low-PKI maize genotype that withstands a rigorous LIRS test can at least, or on the average, outperform the high-PKI maize genotype under the variable or complex field conditions.
▪ Then last but not the least, LIRS is much simpler and cheaper in operation and is of a high throughput as a rapid screening technique for A. flavus resistance from a great volume of genetic resources, as well as for comparisons among resistant maize lines or synthetics. With LIRS, progress in breeding for A. flavus resistance can be substantially enhanced as compared with the current slow pace of traditional procedures.
It can be expected that the LIRS method could be developed in such a way that it would be able to model real environmental conditions in the field and be powerful enough to be a desirable means for maize PKI evaluation. The LIRS method could be a solution to or a replacement for the
conventional screening in expediting A. flavus resistance breeding.
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