Comparison of the four fields 46

In this final paragraph of chapter 5, the research findings will be compared for all fields, this will be shown in table 15. By comparing the four different organizational fields within the same sector, a generalization can be made about how the mobility sector operates across these four fields. At first an overview will be given, and in the final paragraph the findings will be discussed.

5.4.1 Comparison four fields - table

Looking at the table beneath (table 15), there are a lot of similarities between the fields within the mobility sector. The institutionalization in all four fields is high to moderate and the multiplicity is moderate to low. This means that there are still a lot of standardized rules and regulation which are followed within the field or on organizational level, and they do not use a lot of different technologies or practices within the field. In the following paragraph the discussion will be continued.

5.4.2 Comparison four fields – discussion

For the discussion, the table above (table 10) will be used. In this paragraph, there will be looked at the main aspects in this research, the institutionalization and multiplicity, which have influence on the organizational field and what strategic opportunity is formed. All the fields are connected to each other in a sector of mobility, so they are visible in the same mobility field. There are small differences between the four organizational fields, all fields have a different approach in the same kind of sector, but there are still a lot of similarities. A further, extensive discussion will be followed in the conclusion.

The four organizational fields are in between an opaque and transparent opportunity organizational field. Sustainable mobility and assistance en route are opaque, traffic safety is in between opaque and transparent opportunity field and recreation close to home is an opportunity transparent organizational field.

Table 15: Comparison four fields Sustainable

mobility Traffic safety Recreation close to home

Assistance en route

Institutionalization High High Moderate High

Multiplicity Low Moderate Moderate Low

Organizational field Opportunity opaque field Between opportunity opaque and transparent field Opportunity transparent field Opportunity opaque field Strategic agency Routinized

and sense

making

Routinized and

sense making Routinized and sense

making Routinized and sense making Strategic agency according to theory Routinized

agency Routinized, part strategic and sense making Routinized, strategic and sense making Routinized agency

 Institutionalization

The institutionalization in all organizational fields is high to moderate, which means that there are a lot of prescribed rules and values, formal structures and processes. In all fields and its actors, it was hard to find out what kind of formal and informal rules of action are present, since all actors in this field work because they previously have learnt to work that way, and not a lot of modifications were necessary for the actors to stay competitive in the field. Important similarities between these four organizational fields is that all the four fields are visible in the mobility sector, actors in some of the fields were connected to each other in another field and the actors work together in partnerships or collaborations or help each other to set up campaigns and set the organizational field on the map. These emerged inter-organizational structures and coalitions shows institutionalization in these four fields.

 Multiplicity

Multiplicity is low to moderate, which means that the four different organizational fields are not completely open to practices, technologies and resources form other fields. The most important technology is the information technology and the most important resources is the knowledge of people and the people themselves. There is not so much development in the resources used in the four organizational fields, there are clear goals, high levels of control and authority at all actors, since the higher management levels within the actors determines what happens. There is not so much creativity or innovation, which will turn out in a low to moderate multiplicity in the four organizational fields in the mobility sector.

 Organizational field

The organizational field is determined by the two concepts above, the institutionalization and multiplicity. All fields are connected in the mobility sector and have similarities in the way they work. Also the collaborations between the fields and partnerships within the field are of main importance. All actors in the fields have some partnership or collaboration with other actors in the same field or other fields. Some maintain contracts and gain profit (in the sustainable mobility and recreation close to home fields), some provide information to road users (assistance en route field), and some manage campaigns and try to have representatives to provide the best information (traffic safety field). Most of the actors are highly structured organizations with hierarchy, and prevent uncertainty and maintain homogeneity in structure and output within the fields. Almost all organizational fields have to deal with some kind of regulatory agencies. The opaque opportunity organizational field is mostly present in this mobility sector, at the sustainable mobility field, the traffic safety field and the assistance en route field, while for the recreation close to home field, a transparent opportunity field was present.

 Strategy

The followed strategy in high dependent on the actors and agencies in the organizational fields. Though there is a different approach for all actors within the organizational field, the agencies per organizational field, determine partly how the strategy of the organizational field looks like. In this research, we can see that the routinized agency is present in all four organizational fields, but in most of the fields, the sense making and even part of the strategic agency is present. This is determined by the dominant agentic orientation, their vision of the past, present and future.