10. ANNEX 2: Additional data and results on the environmental impact
10.2 Composition and modelling Case study 1: Bituminous roads
10.2 Composition and modelling Case study 1: Bituminous roads
10.2.1 Reference case
In Table 20 and Table 21, the modelling of the different life cycle phases for the asphalt types and the foundation within the reference bituminous road is clarified.
Table 20: Modelling of the different life cycle phases of the asphalt types for the reference bituminous road.
Life cycle phase Activities Modelling assumptions A1: Raw material
supply Extraction of
primary resources According to Ecoinvent records, harmonised for Belgium
A2: Transport Transport of
resources to asphalt plant
Transport with heavy truck (16-32 tons)
A3: Manufacturing Production of asphalt in asphalt plant
According to Ecoinvent record for mastic asphalt, harmonised for Belgium, without (primary) resources, including internal transport of resources, electricity use by machinery, machinery, energy use for drying and heating the aggregates and the bitumen and keeping up temperature during stock
A4: Transport Transport of asphalt
to construction site Transport with heavy truck (16-32 tons) over 65 km
A5: Construction
installation process Installation of asphalt on
construction site
Using shuttle buggy, asphalt machine and steamroller no detailed information on this machinery available in the Ecoinvent database, so approximation by using hydraulic digger (1x for top layer and 3x for sublayer)
B4: Replacements Replacement of
asphalt top layer One replacement of asphalt top layer after 10 years
C1: Demolition Demolition of road According to MMG scenarios 2017 [53]
C2: Transport Transport of waste to sorting plant and to landfill
According to MMG scenarios 2017 [53]
C3: Waste
processing Sorting and
crushing of asphalt waste
According to MMG scenarios 2017 [53]
C4: Disposal 5% landfill of
asphalt waste + 95%
recycling
Based on Ecoinvent record for landfill of asphalt waste
Table 21: Modelling of the different life cycle phases of the foundation for the reference
bituminous road.
Life cycle phase Activities Modelling assumptions A1-2-3: Product
stage
Extraction of primary resources, transport and manufacturing
According to Ecoinvent records, harmonised for Belgium
A4: Transport Transport to
construction site Transport with heavy truck (16-32 tons) over 100 km
A5: Construction
installation process Installation of foundation on construction site
Using hydraulic digger and steamroller =>
no data available for steam roller => only hydraulic digger considered
C1: Demolition Demolition of road According to MMG scenarios 2017 [53]
C2: Transport Transport of waste to sorting plant and to landfill
According to MMG scenarios 2017 [53]
C3: Waste processing
Sorting of waste According to MMG scenarios 2017 [53] – without crushing
C4: Disposal 5% landfill of limestone waste + 95% recycling
According to MMG scenarios 2017 [53]
In Table 22, a detailed overview of the composition of the three layers within the reference bituminous road is given, as well as additional information on the resources and their modelling.
Table 22: Composition and modelling of the reference bituminous road SMA-C asphalt top layer (1 ton)
Material
type Component Amount Composition Transport to
asphalt plant Remarks
Filler Composite type II 80 kg/ton 20% lime 80% fly ashes
120 km – heavy truck (16-32 tons)
Fly ash from different sources (20% waste combustion, 20% sludge combustion, 20%
biomass combustion, 40% coal fired electricity power plants) – economic allocation [55]
Coarse
aggregates Porphyry 6.3/10 591 kg/ton 60 km – heavy
truck (16-32 tons) Ecoinvent record for basalt used due to lack of record for porphyry
Porphyry 4/6.3 86 kg/ton 60 km – heavy
truck (16-32 tons) Ecoinvent record for basalt used due to lack of record for porphyry
Fine
aggregates Porphyry 0/2 181 kg/ton 70 km – heavy
truck (16-32 tons) Ecoinvent record for basalt used due to lack of record for porphyry
Bitumen PmB bitumen 62 kg/ton 96.5% pitch 3.5% SBS polymer
60 km – heavy truck (16-32 tons)
Ecoinvent record for synthetic rubber used due to lack of record for SBS polymer
APO-B asphalt sublayer (1 ton) Material
type Component Amount Composition Transport to
asphalt plant Remarks
truck (16-32 tons) Limestone, crushed Broken limestone 6/10 219 kg/ton 70 km – heavy
truck (16-32 tons) Limestone, crushed Broken limestone 2/6 143
kg/ton 60 km – heavy
truck (16-32 tons) Limestone, crushed and washed
Fine
aggregates Broken limestone sand 0/2
191 kg/ton 110 km – heavy
truck (16-32 tons)
Limestone, crushed and washed
River sand (Schelde) 114 kg/ton 125 km – heavy
truck (16-32 tons) Only one Ecoinvent record for sand available Bitumen Road bitumen 50/70 46 kg/ton 100% pitch 60 km – heavy
truck (16-32 tons)
Broken limestone foundation (1 m³) Material
type Component Amount Composition Transport to
construction site Remarks
Broken
stone Broken limestone
0/40 2 200
kg/m³ 100 km – heavy
truck (16-32 tons) Limestone, crushed
10.2.2 Variant case
In Table 23 and Table 24, the modelling of the different life cycle phases for the asphalt types and the foundation for the variant bituminous road is clarified.
Table 23: Modelling of the different life cycle phases of the asphalt types for the variant bituminous road (the differences with the reference case are underlined).
Life cycle phase Activities Modelling assumptions A1: Raw material end-of-waste point falls after sorting and crushing in former lifecycle and no additional
activities are needed – see Table 25 A2: Transport Transport of
resources to asphalt
Transport with heavy truck (16-32 tons) – see Table 25
No transport to asphalt plant necessary since production of recycled aggregates and bitumen takes place at the asphalt plant.
A3: Manufacturing Production of asphalt in asphalt plant
For APO-B asphalt: According to Ecoinvent record for mastic asphalt, harmonised for Belgium, without (primary) resources, including internal transport of resources, electricity use by machinery, machinery, energy use for drying and heating the granulates and the bitumen and keeping up temperature during stock
For AVT asphalt: idem as for APO-B
asphalt, but with 15% reduction in heat and 15% reduction in VOC emissions
A4: Transport Transport of asphalt
to construction site Transport with heavy truck (16-32 tons) over 65 km
A5: Construction
installation process Installation of asphalt on
construction site
Using shuttle buggy, asphalt machine and steamroller => no detailed information on this machinery available in the Ecoinvent database => approximation by using hydraulic digger (1x for top layer and 3x for sublayer)
B4: Replacements Replacement of
asphalt top layer One replacement of asphalt top layer after 10 years
C1: Demolition Demolition of road According to MMG scenarios 2017 [53]
C2: Transport Transport of waste to sorting plant and to landfill
According to MMG scenarios 2017 [53]
According to MMG scenarios 2017 [53]
C4: Disposal 5% landfill of
asphalt waste + 95%
recycling
Based on Ecoinvent record for landfill of asphalt waste
Table 24: Modelling of the different life cycle phases of the foundation for the variant bituminous road (the differences with the reference case are underlined).
Life cycle phase Activities Modelling assumptions A1-2-3: Product
stage Production of
recycled concrete aggregates
No impact of production and transport, since end-of-waste point falls after sorting and crushing in former lifecycle and no additional activities are needed – see Table 25
A4: Transport Transport to
construction site Transport with heavy truck (16-32 tons) over 35 km
A5: Construction
installation process Installation of foundation on construction site
Using hydraulic digger and steamroller =>
no data available in the Ecoinvent
database for steam roller => only hydraulic digger considered
C1: Demolition Demolition of road According to MMG scenarios 2017 [53]
C2: Transport Transport of waste to sorting plant and to landfill
According to MMG scenarios 2017 [53]
C3: Waste
processing Sorting of waste According to MMG scenarios 2017 [53] – without crushing
C4: Disposal 5% landfill of limestone waste + 95% recycling
According to MMG scenarios 2017 [53]
More details on the composition and the modelling assumptions for the variant layers are given in Table 25.
Table 25 : Composition and modelling of the variant bituminous road (the differences with the reference case are underlined) SMA-C AVT asphalt top layer (1 ton)
Material
type Component Amount Composition Transport to
asphalt plant Remarks
Filler Composite type II 80 kg/ton 20% lime 80% fly ash
120 km – heavy truck (16-32 tons)
Fly ash from different sources (20% waste combustion, 20% sludge combustion, 20%
biomass combustion, 40% coal fired electricity power plants) – economic allocation [55]
Coarse
aggregates Porphyry 6.3/10 591 kg/ton 60 km – heavy
truck (16-32 tons) Ecoinvent record for basalt used due to lack of record for porphyry
Porphyry 4/6.3 86 kg/ton 60 km – heavy
truck (16-32 tons) Ecoinvent record for basalt used due to lack of record for porphyry
Fine
aggregates Porphyry 0/2 181 kg/ton 70 km – heavy
truck (16-32 tons) Ecoinvent record for basalt used due to lack of record for porphyry
Bitumen PmB bitumen 62 kg/ton 96.5% pitch 3.5% SBS polymer
60 km – heavy truck (16-32 tons)
Ecoinvent record for synthetic rubber used due to lack of record for SBS polymer
Water Tap water 1.65
kg/ton Harmonised for Belgium
APO-B 50% RA asphalt sublayer (1 ton) Material
type Component Amount Composition Transport to
asphalt plant Remarks
truck (16-32 tons) Limestone, crushed Broken limestone 6/10 162.2
kg/ton 70 km – heavy
truck (16-32 tons) Limestone, crushed
Broken limestone 2/6 76.3
truck (16-32 tons) Limestone, crushed and washed
River sand (Schelde) 0 kg/ton 125 km – heavy
truck (16-32 tons) Only one Ecoinvent record for sand available Recycled
aggregates Recycled minerals from reclaimed
asphalt
477
kg/ton No transport No production impact since end-of-waste point falls after sorting and crushing in former lifecycle and no additional activities are
necessary.
23 kg/ton No transport No production impact since end-of-waste point falls after sorting and crushing in former lifecycle and no additional activities are
necessary.
Recycled concrete aggregates foundation (1 m³) Material
type Component Amount Composition Transport to
construction site Remarks
Recycled
aggregates Recycled concrete
aggregates 2 000
kg/m³ 35 km – heavy
truck (16-32 tons) No production impact since end-of-waste point falls after sorting and crushing in former lifecycle and no additional activities are
necessary.