In general, understanding the synergies and conflicts between different land uses (and land-use policies) is crucial for developing an integrated landscape approach. Lamb et al (2005) stress that restoration of degraded forest lands in tropical regions should focus on establishing an optimal mix of biodiversity,
regulation functions and supply of goods and services. A sound understanding of the quantity and value of the goods and services is much needed to improve planning and managing planted forests. This means that information is needed on both biophysical processes, like forest growth and water regulation, as well as on socio-economic factors, like population pressure and economic values. In acquiring this information it is important to involve all concerned stakeholders (e.g. Sayer et al, 2004; ITTO, 2005). Once there is a proper understanding of what forest functions are needed, it is possible to use spatial planning to design a forest landscape that delivers the optimal mix of goods and services (e.g. Sayer et al, 2004).
Planted forests afford opportunities to refine further spatial planning and the management of forest goods and services. For instance, the inclusion of high conservation value areas and biodiversity corridors could help to improve biodiversity levels in plantation areas without affecting the production function (e.g. Barlow et al, 2006; Cyranoski, 2007).Van Eupen et al, (2007) use scenario- dependent maps, which indicate habitat suitability of landscapes for certain flagship species. When integrated with planning for the other most important provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting goods and services, this could be a valuable tool for better planning in planted forests. This could be used in the new approaches currently being developed for the restoration of degraded forest landscapes in tropical areas, which address both the sustainable use of biodiversity as well as alleviation of rural poverty (Lamb et al, 2005).
We conclude that a better understanding of the quantity and value of the goods and services provided by planted forests enables improved policy- making and management of (degraded) forested areas. Turning this into a ‘real’ money value (through PES schemes) can help to pay for the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of a forest area. These new policies and action plans are needed urgently to help restore a wide range of ecosystem services in the large area of degraded forest land in the tropics.
Acknowledgements
We express our gratitude to the European Union for providing the necessary funding under the EU–India Economic Cross Cultural Programme (EU-ECCP) to undertake the case study in India. We also express our thanks and gratitude to all the key persons, villagers, state forest and municipal officials, and all those who gave their cooperation and support in carrying out the surveys. Miriam van Heist is acknowledged for guiding the methodology for the field assessment in India. We thank Christiana Bairaktari, Febi Djafar, Hetty Mathijssen and Wondy Wondwossen for collecting the field data in India. Jürgen Bauhus, Anil Hooda, Joachim Schmerbeck and Madhu Verma are gratefully acknowledged for their valuable comments on the manuscript. The knowledge support programme of the Ministry of Food Quality, Nature and Agriculture, The Netherlands, supported this work through the KB1 – SELS project 2008.
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