The methods widely used for the ultimate limit-state analysis and design of concrete struc-tures under load make use of models whose development places emphasis on the contribu-tion of concrete to load-carrying capacity after the formacontribu-tion of visible cracking.
The use of such models has proven to date ineffective. As regards design, current methods have been found unable to always produce solutions which satisfy the code requirements for structural performance. This shortcoming appears to reflect the conflict between the concepts underlying the modelling of structural elements and the mechanisms dictating the observed and/or measured structural response.
As regards analysis, the applicability of most numerical packages developed to date appears to be limited only to particular structural elements, as there has not as yet been published evidence on the ability of the packages to provide realistic predictions of the behaviour of a wide range of structural configurations. The causes of this apparent lack of generally appears to be due to the use of constitutive models which, although developed on the basis of continuum mechanics theories, are used to describe the behaviour of an essen-tially discontinuous material such as concrete.
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