Concluding remarks

In summary, this body of work confirms the integration of bZIPs in several functional regulatory networks in A. queenslandica. It also provides a foundation upon which to base and direct subsequent research on bZIPs in this sponge. Ultimately, there is a need to functionally confirm several of the findings discussed here, and relevant experiments are proposed throughout the document.

It is now well established that the expansion of TF repertoires supports an increase in morphological and regulatory complexity. In the case of the bZIPs, this appears to be achieved through the emergence of new bZIP families, which recognise similar but distinct DNA sites, but also through a diversification of bZIP-bZIP dimeric interactions. The presence of active distal enhancers and complex promoters in A. queenslandica - but not in unicellular holozoans - suggests that innovations in the non-coding regulatory genome may also have contributed to an increase in regulatory capacities. Together, these two regulatory mechanisms allowed for the fine-tuning of gene expression required by complex multicellularity.

The recent development of new molecular tools to study TF-DNA and TF-TF interactions, and the increasing numbers of genomes and transcriptomes available, especially those of early branching metazoan (sponges and ctenophores) and unicellular holozoan phyla, hold the potential to deepen our understanding of the first metazoan GRNs, and thus, the regulatory innovations underlying the evolution of metazoan complexity.

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