REFERENCES
1. Robert R: Heart Failure. In: Kurby RR, Talor RW, and Civetta JM (eds).
Handbook of critical care. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Company, 1994; 234-50.
2. Bernstein D. The Cardiovascular System. In: Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB (17eds). Nelson Textbook of Pediatric. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 2004; 1488-1582.
3. Lagunju IA and Omokhodion SI. Childhood Heart Failure in Ibadan. West Africa J Med. 2003; 22: 42-45.
4. Adekanmbi AF, Ogunlesi TA, Olowu OA and Fetuga MB. Current Trend in the Prevalence and Aetiology of Congestive Cardiac Failure in Sagamu. J Trop Paediatr. 2007; 53: 103-106.
5. Opie LH and Mayosi BM. Cardiovascular Disease in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Circulation. 2005; 112: 3536-40.
6. Olowu AO. Studies on Heart Failure in Sagamu. Nigeria J Paediatr. 1993; 23:
127-138.
7. Hsu DT, Pearson GD. Heart Failure in Children. Part 1: History, Etiology and Pathophysiology. Circulation Heart Failure. 2009; 2: 63-70.
8. Ross RD. Medical Management of Chronic Heart Failure in Children. Am J Cardiovasc drugs. 2001; 1: 35- 44.
9. Dreyer WJ, Fisher DJ. Clinical Recognition and Management of Chronic Congestive Cardiac Failure. In: Garson A, Bricker JI, Fisher DJ et al (eds). The Science and Practice of Pediatric Cardiology. Philadelphia: Williams and Wilkins Company, 1998; 2309-25.
10. McMurray JJ and Stewart S. Epidemiology, aetiology and prognosis of heart failure. Heart 2000; 83: 593-602.
11. Kay JD, Colan SD, Graham TP Jr. Congestive Heart Failure in Paediatric patients. Am Heart J. 2001; 142: 923-8.
12. Saliun Y, Srinath R, and Ouupuus. Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease.
Circulation. 2001; 27: 104.
13. Gary MS. Heart Failure, Congestive. eMedicine specialist 2006; 2636: 1-12.
Accessed on October 1, 2007.
14. Sommers C, Nagel BH, Neudorf U and Schmaltz AA. Congestive Heart Failure in Children, An Epidemiologic study. Herz 2005; 30:652-62.
15. Massin MM, Astadicko I, and Dessy H. Epidemiology of heart failure in a tertiary pediatric center. Clin Cardiol 2008; 31: 388-391.
16. Kannel WB. Vital Epidemiologic clues in Heart Failure. J Clin Epidemiol 1999;
53: 229-235.
17. Bondi F and Jaiyesimi F. Heart Failure in an Emergency room setting. Nig J Paediatr 1990; 17: 1-6.
18. Sadoh WE, Akinsete AM, Epidemiology of Childhood Heart Failure in Benin City. NJC 2006; 3:12-15.
19. Anah MU, Antia-obong, Odigwe CO and Ansa VO. Heart failure among Paediatric emergencies in Calabar. South Eastern Nigeria. Mary Slessor J Med. 2004; 4: 58-62.
20. Damascene et al. Heart Failure. In: Sub-Saharan Africa time for action. Jam Col Cardiol 2007; 50: 1688-93.
21. Owusu I K. Causes of Heart Failure as seen in Kumasi Ghana. The internet J of third world med 2007; 5: 1539-46.
22. Jaiyesimi F. Cardiovascular System. In: Stanfield P, Brueton M, Parkin M et al (eds). Disease of children in the Subtropics and Tropics. London: Arnold, 2001; 762-83.
23. Omokhodion SI. Childhood Heart Failure. In: Omokhodion SI, Osinusi K (eds). Paediatric Cardiology and Respiratology. West African College of Physicians updates course series. 1996; 73-82.
24. Jaiyesimi F. Cardiac Failure in children with anemia and bronchopneumonia; problems in it’s clinical diagnosis and management.
Tropical Cardiol 1978; 4: 16-9.
25. Buchhorn R, Hulpke-Wette M, Hilgers R et al. Propranolol Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure in Infants with Congenital Heart Disease: The CHF-PRO-INFANT Trial. International J of Cardiol 2001; 79:167-173.
26. Cohen AJ, Tamir A and Houri S et al. Save a Child’s Heart: we can and we should. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 71: 462-68.
27. Venugopalan P, Agarwal AK and Akinbami FO et al. Improved prognosis of heart failure due to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in children.
International J Cardiol 1998; 65: 125-28.
28. Greenway SC, Benson LN. The use of carvedilol in pediatric heart failure.
Cardiovasc Hematol Discord Drug Targets 2006; 16: 35-42.
29. Diop IB, Ndiaye N and Bas A et al. Congenital Heart Disease in Senegal, indications, evaluation and perspectives. Dakar medical 1996; 41: 85-90.
30. Huhta JC, Tulzer G. Heart failure in the fetus. In: Chang AC, Towbin JA, (eds.) Heart Failure in Children and Young Adults. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2006.
31. Ellis H (ed). The Heart. In: Clinical Anatomy. London: Blackwell science, 1997; 31-44.
32. McCance KL. Structure and function of cardiovascular systems. In: McCance KL, Huether SE. The biologic basis for disease in adults and children.
Philadelphia: Mosby Inc; 2002; 930-1035.
33. Guyton AC (ed). Textbook of Medical Physiology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company,1997; 98-117.
34. Ganong WF (ed). Review of medical physiology. USA: Appleton and Lange, 1997; 504-532.
35. Park MK (ed). The Paediatric Cardiology Handbook. London: Mosby Inc, 1997; 58-72.
36. Talner NS. Heart Failure: In Adams FH, Emmanouilides. GC Reimenschneider TA (eds).Moss’ Heart Disease in Infants, Children and Adolescents. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1989; 891-911.
37. Poole –Wilson PA. Chronic Heart Failure: causes, pathophysiology, prognosis clinical manifestations, investigations. In: Julian DG, Camm AJ, Fox KM, Hall RJC, Poole-Wilson PA(eds). Diseases of the heart. London: WB Saunders, 1989; 48-57.
38. Katz AM. Heart Failure: Pathophysiology, Molecular Biology, and Clinical Management. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000.
39. Ogunkule O, Tongo OO and Adereti O. Heart Failure in Childhood. Grand round 1998; 4: 27-31
40. Okoroma EO, Ogunkule O, Omokhodion S.I. Disorders of the Cardiovascular System. In: Azubuike JC, Nkanginieme KEO (eds). Paediatrics and Child Health in a Tropical Region. Owerri: African Educational Services 2007; 308-344.
41. Hendrickse RG, Barr DGD, and Mathews TS (eds). Paediatrics in the Tropics.
London: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1991; 336
42. Givertz MM, Wilson SC, Brauwald E. Clinical Aspects of Heart Failure;
pulmonary edema, high output failure. In: Brauwald’s Heart Disease, Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;, 2005; 539-568.
43. Talner NS and Carboni MP. Congestive Heart Failure. In: Rudolph CD, Rudolph AM, Hostetter MK, Lister G, Siegel NJ. Rudolph’s Pediatrics. New York: McGraw-Hill medical publishing division,2003; 1869-1875.
44. Micheal EZ. Heart Failure. eMedicine specialist 2006; 3552: 1-10. Accessed October 1, 2007.
45. Konstam MA. “Systolic and diastolic dysfunction” in heart failure? Time for a new paradigm. J Card Fail. 2003; 9:1–3.
46. Committee on evaluation and management of heart failure: Guidelines for the evaluation and management of heart failure: report of the ACC/AHA task force on practical guidelines. Circulation 1995; 92: 2764-84.
47. Sharma M, Nair MN, Jatana SK and Shahi BN. Congestive Heart Failure in Infants and Children. MJAFI 2003; 59: 228-233.
48. Mann DL, Bristow MR. Mechanisms and models in heart failure: the biomechanical model and beyond. Circulation. 2005;111:2837–2849
49. Zelis R, Sinoway LI, Musch TI, et al. regional blood flow in congestive heart failure: concept of compensatory mechanisms with short and long term constraints. Am J Cardiol 1988; 62: 2E-8E.
50. Braunwald E. The management of heart failure: the past, the present, and the future. Circ Heart Fail. 2008; 1:58–62.
51. Pepper GS, Lee RW. Sympathetic activation in heart failure and its treatment with beta- blocker, Arch Intern Med. 1999; 159: 225-7.
52. Buchhorn R, Ross RD, Bartmus D, Wessel A, Hulpke-Wette M, Bursch J.
Activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and sympathetic nervous
system and their relation to hemodynamic and clinical abnormalities in infants with left-to-right shunts. Int J Cardiol. 2001; 78:225–230.
53. Flora JS. Clinical aspects of sympathetic activation and parasympathetic withdrawal in chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22: 72A-75A.
54. Schrier RW, Abraham WT. Hormones and hemodynamics in heart failure.
New Eng J Med. 1999; 341: 557-9
55. Baumgartner H. Neurohormones in valvular heart disease: what can they tell us? Eur Heart J. 2008; 29:290–292.
56. Roig E. Clinical implication of increased plasma angiotensin 11 despite ACE inhibitor therapy in patients with heart failure. Euro Heart J. 2000; 21: 53-7 57. Califf RM, Cohn JN. Cardiac protection: evolving roll of angiotensin receptor
blockers. Am Heart J. 2000; 1 part 2: S15-S17.
58. Hess ML. Congestive Heart Failure. In: Heart disease in primary care.
Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1999; 189-206.
59. Buchhorn R, Wessel A, Hulpke-Wette M, Bursch J, Werdan K, Loppnow H.
Endogenous nitric oxide and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor levels are enhanced in infants with congenital heart disease. Crit Care Med. 2001;
29:2208–2210.
60. Nir A, Nasser N. Clinical value of NT-ProBNP and BNP in pediatric cardiology. J Card Fail. 2005; 11:S76–S80.
61. Westerlind A, Wahlander H, Lindstedt G, Lundberg PA, Holmgren D. Clinical signs of heart failure are associated with increased levels of natriuretic
peptide types B and A in children with congenital heart defects or cardiomyopathy. Acta Paediatr. 2004; 93:340–345.
62. Koch A, Zink S, Singer H. B-type natriuretic peptide in paediatric patients with congenital heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2006; 27:861–866.
63. Cannon PJ. The kidney in heart failure. New Eng J Med. 1977; 296: 26-32.
64. Stark J. The interrelation between renal and cardiac function: physiology and pathophysiology with a focus on congestive heart failure. Crit Care Clin No Amer. 1998; 10: 411-3
65. Keith JD. Congestive Heart Failure. In: Keith JD, Rowe RD and Vlad P, (eds).
New York: Macmillan publishing company, 1978; 163-84.
66. Miller W, Oski F, Delivoria PM. Increased oxygen release in hypoxaemia and heart failure. Paediatr Resp 1970; 4: 444-46.
67. Goldring D, Hernandez A, Hartmann A. The Critically ill Child: care of the infant in cardiac failure. Paediatrics 1971; 47: 1056-63.
68. Gersory WM, Hordoff AJ. Congestive heart failure in Paediatrics patients.
Cardiology 1996; 2: 9-13.
69. Gaziano T. Cardiovascular disease in developing world and its cost- effective management. Circulation 2005; 112:3536-40.
70. Webster G, Zhang J, Rosenthal D. Comparison of the epidemiology and co-morbidities of heart failure in the pediatric and adult populations: a retrospective, cross-sectional study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006; 6:23.
71. Cowie MR, Wood DA, Coats AJ, et al. Incidence and Aetiology of heart failure: A population based study. Euro Heart J 1999; 20: 421-28.
72. Jaiyesimi F. Congestive Cardiac Failure in Emergency Paediatrics Practice in Nigeria. Trop Cardiol 1977; 3: 9-14.
73. Sliwa K, Damasceno A and Mayosi BM. Epidemiology and Etiology of Cardiomyopathy in Africa. Circulation 2005; 112: 3577-82.
74. Rashid J, Khali M, Natiq M, et al. Aetiology of congestive heart failure in children. Pak Paed J 2003; 27 145-51.
75. Sushila Dhaon. Congestive Heart Failure. Indian academy of Paediatrics 2002; http://www.iapindia.org/guidelines/chap2.cfm. Accessed on July 29 , 2007
76. Johnson WBR, Aderele WI, Osinusi K and Gbadero D. Acute lower respiratory infection in hospitalized urban pre-school Nigerian Children: a clinical overview. Africa J Med Sci 1994; 23: 127-138.
77. Fagbule D, Adedoyin MA. Clinical predictors of outcome in Childhood pneumonia. Nig J Paediatr 1990; 17: 37-41.
78. Aderele WI, Johnson WBR, Osinusi K et al. Respiratory Syncytial Virus – associated lower respiratory disease in hospitalized preschool children in Ibadan. Africa J Med Sci 1995; 24: 47-53
79. Olowu AO and Njokanma FO. Pneumonia in Sagamu. Nig J Paediatr 1993;
20: 49-54.
80. Oyedeji GA. Childhood pneumonia: a review of hospitalized cases. Nig med Pract 1989; 18: 75-9.
81. Spika SS, Munshi MH, Wojtyniat B et al. Acute Lower respiratory infection: a major cause of death in children in Bangladesh. Ann J Paediatr 1989; 9: 33-9.
82. Arguedas AG, Stutman HR, Marks IM. Bacterial Pneumonias. In: Chernick V (eds). Kendig’s disorders of the respiratory track in children. Philadelphia:
WB Saunders Company, 1990; 371-72.
83. Parker MM. The Heart in Sepsis: In Ayres SM. Greenvik A. Holbrook PR, Shoemaker WC, (eds.) Textbook of critical care. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1995; 596-604.
84. University of Maryland Medical Centre News. Anaemia. UMME 2006;
Baltimore 401. 328. 9600
85. Greenwell KF and Neuman M. Children’s Anemia levels in West Africa: a good proxy for malaria morbidity. Population association of America 2006
annual meeting program; California: 1-21.
http://paa2006.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=61268.
Accessed on December 14, 2006.
86. Adelekan DA, Adeodu OO. Anaemia in Nigerian Mothers and their Children, relative importance of infection and iron deficiency. Afr J Med Sci 1998; 27:
185-7.
87. Sodeinde O, Ambe JP, Fatunde OF. Anaemic crisses in patients with sickle cell anaemia. Nig J Paediatr 1997; 24: 55-59.
88. Muler O and Krawinkle M. Malnutrition and health in developing countries.
CMAJ 2005; 173: 1503-6.
89. Kalter HD, Burnham G, Kolstad PR et al. Evaluation of clinical signs to diagnose Anaemia in Uganda and Bangladesh, in areas with and without malaria. Bulletin of WHO (suppl. 1); 103-11.
90. Jaiyesimi F and Antia AU. Congenital Heart Disease in Nigeria: A ten year experience at U.C.H, Ibadan. Ann Trop Paediatr 1981; 1; 77-85.
91. Rebecca B, Saenz MD, Drane K et al. Caring for infants with Congenital Heart Disease. Am academy of family physicians 1999; 59: 1876-8
92. Fadahunsi HO. Congenital Heart Disease in Nigerian Children: A study from L.U.T.H. West Africa J Med 1987; 6: 21-30.
93. Boucek MM, Aurora P, Edwards LB, Taylor DO et al. Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: tenth official pediatric heart transplantation report–2007. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2007;
26:796–807.
94. Wray J, Sensky T. Congenital heart disease and cardiac surgery in childhood.
Heart. 2001; 85:687–691.
95. Miyague NI, Cardoso SM, Meye F, et al. Epidemiological study of congenital heart defects in children and adolescents, analysis of 4,538 cases. Arg Bras Cardiol 2003; 80: 274-278.
96. George BO. Pattern of Congenital Heart Disease in L.U.T.H. Nig Med J 1972;
2: 84-86.
97. Gupta B and Antia AU. Incidence of Congenital Heart Disease in Nigeria Children. Bri Heart J 1967; 29: 906
98. Antia AU and Williams AO. Congenital Heart Disease in Nigeria necropsy study. Bri Heart J 1971; 33: 133-37.
99. Padmavati S. The Cardiac Patient in Underdeveloped Countries. Am Heart J 1959; 58: 418-24.
100. Chauvet J, Guikahue MR, Memsah N. et al Congenital disease in Abidjan:
results of 612 catheterization. Difficulties in early detection. Tropical Cardiology 1986; 47:119-121.
101. Caddell JL, Warley A, Connor et al. Acquired Heart Disease in Ugandan Children. Bri Heart J 1966; 28: 759-65
102. Jaiyesimi O, Baichoo V. Arterial duct in health and in disease. Nig J Paediatr 1998; 25: 29-41.
103. Duddell GG, Gersony W. Patent Ductus in Neonates with severe respiratory disease. Paediatr 1984; 104: 915-20.
104. Mahoney LT, Truesdell SC, Krzmarzick TR, et al. Atria Septal Defects that present in infancy. Am J Dis Child 1986, 140: 1115-8.
105. Lipshuitz S, Towbin MB, Jeffrey A et al. Incidence, Causes and Outcomes of Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Children. JAMA 2006; 296: 1867-76.
106. Lipshultz SE, Sleeper LA, Towbin JA, et al. The incidence of pediatric cardiomyopathy in two regions of the United States. New Engl J Med. 2003;
348:1647–1655.
107. Nugent AW, Daubeney PE, Chondros P,et al. The epidemiology of childhood cardiomyopathy in Australia. New Engl J Med. 2003; 348:1639–1646.
108. Lipshultz SE. Ventricular dysfunction clinical research in infants, children and adolescents. Prog Pediatr Cardiol 2000; 12:1-28.
109. Andrews RE, Fenton MJ, Ridout DA, Burch M. New-onset heart failure due to heart muscle disease in childhood: a prospective study in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Circulation 2008; 117:79–84.
110. Shann F, MacGregor D, Richens J et al. Cardiac Failure in Children in Papua New Guinea. Paediatr infect Dis J 1998; 17: 1141-43.
111. Antia AU, Effiong CE and Dawodu AH. The pattern of acquired heart disease in Nigerian children. Afri J Med Sci 1972; 3: 1-12.
112. Disciascio G, Taaranta A. Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease:
report of WHO study group. Geneva: WHO technical report No 764, 1988.
113. Tharkur J, Negi P, Ahwalia S, et al. Epidemiological survey of rheumatic heart disease among school children in Shimla hills of North India prevalence and risk factors. Epid J of Comm Health. 1996; 50: 62-67.
114. Jaiyesimi F and Antia AU. Prognostic Factors in Childhood Rheumatic Disease. Trop geogr med 1981; 33: 14-8.
115. Jaiyesimi F. Acquired heart disease in Nigerian children: An illustration of influence of socio-economic factors on the disease pattern. J Trop Paediatr 1982; 28: 223-9.
116. Jaiyesimi F and Antia AU. Childhood Rheumatic heart disease in Nigeria.
Trop & Geog med 1981; 33: 8-13
117. Groves AM. Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease: an overview.
Trop Doc 1999; 29: 129-132.
118. Burnard ED and James LS. Failure of the Heart after undue asphyxia at birth.
J Paed 1961; 27: 545-65.
119. Artman M, Graham TP, Tenn N. Congestive Heart Failure in Infancy:
Recognition and management. Am Heart J 1982; 103: 1040-55.
120. Aurora S and Snyder EY. Perinatal Asphyxia. In: Cloherty JP, Eichenwald EC, Stark AR (eds.) Manuel of neonatal care. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins, 2004; 536-54.
121. Lees MH. Heart failure in the newborn infant. In: Behrman RE ed. Fetal and neonatal medicine. J Paediatr 1969; 75: 139-152.
122. Periman JM. Acute systemic organ injury in term neonates after asphyxia.
Am J Dis Child 1989; 143: 617
123. Olowu AO. Heart failure in Infancy: Recognition and Pitfalls in Diagnosis. Nig Med Pract 1990; 19: 13-14.
124. Connolly D, Rutkowski M, Auslender M and Artman M. New York University Pediatric Heart Failure Index: a new method of quantifying chronic heart failure severity in children. J Paediatr 2001; 138: 644-8
125. Ross RD. Grading the graders of congestive heart failure in children. J Paediatr 2001; 138: 644-8.
126. Ross RD, Bollinger RD and Prisky WW. Grading the severity of congestive heart failure in infants J Paediatr Cardio 1992; 13: 72-5.
127. Hsu DT and Pearson GD. Advances in heart failure. Circulation: Heart failure 2009; 2:63-70.
128. Zhang QY, Ye Q, Du JB and Li WZ. The value of the New York University Peaditric heart failure index in chronic heart failure in children. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 2010; 9: 703-7.
129. Lewis AB. Clinical profile and outcome of restrictive cardiomyopathy in children. Am Heart J 1992; 123: 1589-93.
130. Omokhodion SI and Lagunju I A. Prognostic indices in childhood heart failure. West Africa J Med 2003; 24: 325-28.
131. Olowu WA, Olomu SC, Tarimiro SE and Bako AU. Birth asphyxia: risk factors for mortality. Nig Med Pract 1996; 31: 69-73.
132. Mozaffarian D, Nye R and Levy W. Anemia predict mortality in severe heart failure. J Am Coll Cardio 2003; 41: 1933-39.
133. Krista C and Cheng A. Use of erythropoietin in management of heart failure.
Ann of Pharm 2004; 38: 2145-47
134. Bamgboye EA. Stsatistics in medical research. In : Bankole MA (ed.) Handbook of research methods in medicine. Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council (NERDC) 1991.
135. Kupper LL, Hafiner KB. How appropriate are sample size formulars? The statistician 1989; 43: 101-105.
136. Petrie A and Sabin C. Validating scores. In: Medical statistics at a glance (3rd ed). Wiley-Blackwell scientific publications (ISBN), 2009; 82-92.
137. Oyedeji GA. Socio-economic and cultural background in hospitalized children in Ilesha. Nig J Paediatr 1985; 12: 111-14
138. Osinusi K, Njinyam MN. Comparism of body temperatures taken at different sites and the reliability of axillary temperature in screening for fever.
African J Med Sci 1997; 26: 163-166.
139. Marfell-Jones M. kin anthropometric Assessment.
http//www.homepage.ihug.co.nz. Accessed February 28, 2008.
140. Emodi KJ, Kaine WN. Weights, heights and quetelet’s indices of children.
Nig J Paediatr 1996; 23: 37-41.
141. Orimmadegun AE, Fawole O, Okereke JO et al. increasing burden of childhood severe malaria in a Nigerian Tertiary hospital: Implication for control. J Trop Paediatr 2007; 53: 185-9.
142. Ellis S, Martin R, Wilde P et al. Echocardiographic, Chest radiograph and electrocardiogram findings in children presenting with heart failure to a Ugandan Paediatrics ward. Trop doct 2007; 37: 149-150.
143. Sadoh AE, Okhakhun A, Omuemu O et al. Diptheria in Nigeria: Is there resurgence. Annals of biomedical Sci 2009; 8 : 96-100.
144. Expanded programme on immunization in Nigeria by World Health Organisation. ICS survey 2003. Error! Hyperlink reference not valid. of work. Access on August 15, 2010.
APPENDIX I
CAUSES OF CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE IN CHILDREN
Cause of CHF due to congenital heart disease (CHD) according to age23. Birth a. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS)
b. volume overload lesion (e.g. severe tricuspid regurgitation or pulmonary regurgitation and large systemic AV fistula)
1st Week a. TGA
b. PDA in small premature infants
c HLHS (with more favorable anatomy)
d TAPRVR particularly those with pulmonary venous obstruction.
e others (AVfistula, critical AS or PS) f. single ventricle with TPBF
g. infant of diabetic mother with left heart obstruction.
1-4 weeks a preductal coarctation of the aorta with associated anomalies b critical aortic stenosis
c large L-R shunt lesion ( VSD, AVCD, PDA) d all other lesions listed above
4-6 weeks some L-Shunt lesions such as ECD Infancy
a large VSD b large PDA
c AV canal defect d HLHS
Acquired heart disease
a acute rheumatic cardiatis (in school aged children) b rheumatic heart disease
c infective endocarditis d pericardiatis
Myocardial dysfunction of various causes
a viral myocardiatis (newborns and infants) b endocardial fibroelastosis (infancy)
c cardiomyopathies (>5 years)
d metabolic abnormalities (severe hypoxia, acidosis, hypoglycemia
(newborn) hypo/hyperglycemia(neonate,infancy) None cardiac causes
Respiratory tract infection e.g. pneumonia (commoner in infancy) Severe anemia (all age groups)
Renal disease e.g. AGN (school aged children) Perinatal asphyxia (newborns)
Septicaemia (all age group) Vasculities (Kawasaki disease) Acute cor pulmonale (any age)
APPENDIX II
APPENDIX III
STATEMENT OF INFORMED CONSENT AND CONSENT FORM
I am Dr. Q. O. Daniels a senior resident doctor in the Department of Paediatric of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (L.U.T.H). I am carrying out a study on the pattern of childhood congestive heart failure. This study is part of the requirements for my final examination to qualify as a paediatrician (child doctor).
The health and well-being of your child is of paramount importance to me. As your child grows, it would be necessary to know what can affect his or her health and well-being and also know how to prevent it.
The heart is one of the most important organs in the body and any condition or disease that affect the heart can lead to heart failure which can affect all other organs of the body and may cause death.
The common causes of heart failure vary from country to country but interestingly, the common causes in our environment are easily preventable. Studying about heart failure, knowing the signs and
symptoms that suggest it and knowing the common causes in this environment will go a long way to reduce the death and complications associated with heart failure.
If your child enrolls in this study, he or she will be one of the several other children participating in this study. A few questions about your child’s illness will be asked and a thorough physical examination will also be carried out on your child. Some investigations will be done including collecting a very small amount of blood for testing. These investigations are safe and will not affect your child’s health or interrupt the prompt treatment they need.
The results of this study will be communicated to you. If you have any questions to ask concerning this study you may contact me at the ward at the department of Paediatrics, LUTH, Lagos, or call me on the phone. My telephone number is 08023220433.
If you agree for your child to participate, could you kindly sign below and the attached questionnaire will be completed by your examiner based on the information gotten.
Thank you.
………..
Dr. Q. O. Daniels
Patient’s name ………
Parent / Guardian’s name ………
Signature of parent / guardian ……….
Date ……….
APPENDIX IV
GRADING OF THE SEVERITY OF HEART FAILURE: Severity index score (SIS) for childhood heart failure23
Score 0 1 2
Parameters Resting Heart rate
(0-1 month) <160bpm 160-180bpm >180bpm
(>1-24 month) <160bpm 160-170bpm >170bpm
(>2-5 years) <130/min 130-160/min >160/min
(>5-10 years) <120/min 120-140/min >140/min
(10-12 years) <100/min 100-120/min >120/min
Resting Respiratory rate
(0-1 month) <60/min 60-80/min >80/min
(>1-24 month) <40/min 40-60/min >60/min
(>2-5 years) <30/min 30-40/min >40/min
(>5-10 years) <28/min 28-36/min >36/min
(>10-12 years) <25/min 25-30/min >30/min
S3, or Diastolic rumble Absent present marked
Capillary Refill Time <2 sec 2-4 sec >4 sec