61 Continued Table 2,
2.3 Conclusion and future perspectives
Glycerol containing waste from biodiesel manufacturing process is a potential feedstock for biohydrogen and biochemical production. Many researchers evaluated its performance as a cheap substrate for hydrogen production and indicated that its H2 production potential is comparable to
any other organic waste presently used for H2 production. The most important advantage of using
crude glycerol over other substrates for H2 production is that it will increase the overall profit of
biodiesel manufacturing plants. Such a situation may encourage the production and utilization of biofuels, which is environmentally beneficial. However, crude glycerol contains many impurities which are inhibitory to microbial growth and hydrogen production. Scarce literature reports are available on pretreatment of crude glycerol used for hydrogen production. Hence, further investigation is still required to optimize crude glycerol pretreatment for biohydrogen production. A collective removal method for different types of impurities and feasibility study of its industrial scale application may be helpful for crude glycerol bioconversion and large scale H2 production in
future. Accumulation of fermentation end products is known to have negative effect on overall H2
yield. Hence, alternative strategy, such as further conversion of fermentation end product into CO2 and H2 by photo fermentation should be investigated in detail.
Similarly, most investigations on crude glycerol bioconversion have been carried out in serum bottle scale batch reactors. Only, a few studies carried out in continuous mode have given better yield of H2 than batch experiments. Hence, further investigation of microbial H2 production using
continuous mode is recommended. Detailed study and optimization of fermentation parameters may play a vital role for large-scale hydrogen production in future. Alternatively, co-culture of two different strains can also be evaluated for crude glycerol bioconversion. Application of a co- culture, which is capable of reducing the accumulation of fermentation end products by simultaneously metabolizing them to H2, is an interesting subject for future reserach.
2.4 Reference
[1] Ketchie WC, Fang YL, Wong MS, Murayama M, Davis RJ. (). Influence of gold particle size on the aqueous- phase oxidation of carbon monoxide and glycerol. J Catal;2007;250:94–101.
[2] Valliyappan T, Bakhshi NN, Dalai AK. (). Pyrolysis of glycerol for the production of hydrogen or syn gas.
Bioresource Technol; 2008;99:4476–83.
[3] Adhikari S, Fernando S, Haryanto A. Production of hydrogen by steam reforming of glycerin over alumina- supported metal catalysts. Catal Today 2007;129: 355–64.
[4] Adhikari S, Fernando SD, Haryanto A. ().Hydrogen production from glycerin by steam reforming over nickel catalysts. Renew Energy 2008;33:1097–100.
[5] McCoy M.Glycerine Surplus. Chem. Eng. New 2006;84:7-8 [6] McCoy, M. An unlikely impact. Chem. Eng. New; 2005;83: 4–26.
[7] Solomon BO, Zeng AP, Biebl H, Schlieker H, Posten C, Deckwer WD. Comparison of the energetic efficiencies of hydrogen and oxychemicals formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Clostridium butyricum during anaerobic growth on glycerol. J Biotechnol 1995;39:107–17.
[8] Barbirato F, Chedaille D, Bories A. Propionic acid fermentation from glycerol: comparison with conventional substrates. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1997a;47: 441–6.
[9] Barbirato F, Bories A. Relationship between the physiology of Enterobacter agglomerans CNCM 1 210 grown anaerobically on glycerol and the culture conditions. Res Microbiol 1997b;148:475–84.
[10] Barbirato F, Himmi EH, Conte T, Bories A. 1,3-propanediol production by fermentation: an interesting way to valorize glycerin from the ester and ethanol industries. Indus Crops Prod 1998;7:281-9.
[11] Colin T, Bories A, Lavigne C, Moulin G. Effects of acetate and butyrate during glycerol fermentation by
Clostridium butyricum. Curr Microbiol 2001;43:238–43.
[12] Marchetti JM, Miguel VU, Errazu AF. Possible methods for biodiesel production. Renew Sust Energy Rev; 2007;11: 1300–11.
[13] Menzel K, Zeng AP, Deckwer WD. High concentration and productivity of 1,3- propanediol from continuous fermentation of glycerol by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Enzyme Microb Technol 1997a; 20: 82–6.
[14] Tyson SK. Biodiesel Handling and Use Guidelines. U.S. Department of Energy. NREL/TP-580-30004: CO. USA 2001;17.
[15] da Silva GP, Mack M, Contiero J. Glycerol: A promising and abundant carbon source for industrial microbiology. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27: 30-39.
[16] Yazdani SS, Gonzalez R. Engineering Escherichia coli for the efficient conversion of glycerol to ethanol and co-products. Metab Eng 2008;10:340-351.
[17] Ito T, Nakashimada Y, Senba K, Matsui T, Nishio N. Hydrogen and ethanol production from glycerol- containing wastes discharged after biodiesel manufacturing process. J Biosci Bioeng 2005;100: 260-5. [18] European Biodiesel Board. http://www.ebb-eu.org/EBBpress.php
[19] Yang F., Hanna M.A., Sun R. Value-added uses for crude glycerol – a by product of biodiesel production.
Biotechnol. Biofuels 2012;5:13.
[20] Suzanne H and Peter S. Biofuels Hit a Gusher, Vital Signs 2006-2007. Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute, 2006;40-41.
[21] Licht FO. World Ethanol and Biofuels Report, 2008;7:2 and 29:2005-2012 [22] Licht FO. World Ethanol and Biofuels Report 2012;10:281.
[23] Lester R. Brown, Full Planet, Empty Plates: The New Geopolitics of Food Scarcity. (2012). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. For more information, see Earth Policy Institute on line at www.earth-policy.org. [24] MarketsandMarkets: Global Biodiesel Market worth US$12.6 Billion by 2014 Available from:
http://www.marketsandmarkets.com/ PressReleases/global-biodiesel-market.asp.
[25] Available from: http://biodiesel-news.com/index.php/2010/ 03/22/global-biodiesel-market-analysis and- forecasts-to- 2020/.
[26] Vasudevan P, Briggs M. Biodiesel Production-Current State of the Art and Challenges. Journal of Industrial
Microbiology and Biotechnology 2008;35:421-430.
[27] Chhetri AB, Watts KC, Islam MR. Waste cooking oil as an alternate feedstock for biodiesel production
Energies, 2008;1:3-18
[28] Liu. Used cooking oil promises to fuel China's rapidly expanding car fleet. World watch Institute 2006. http://www.worldwatch.org/node/4656.
[29] Gerpen JVan, Shanks B, Pruszko R. NREL/SR-510-36244. Biodiesel Production. Technology. August 2002– January 2004.
[30] Praveen RM, Scott CB, Hossein N. Improved conversion of plant oils and animal fats into biodiesel and co- product. Bioresour Technol 1996; 56:19-24.
[31] Ulf S, Ricardo S, Roge´ rio MV. Transesterification of vegetable oils: a review. J Braz Chem Soc 1998;1:199- 210.
[32] Kim HJ, Kang BS, Kim MJ, Park YM, Kim DK, Lee JS, et al. Transesterification of vegetable oil to biodiesel using heterogeneous base catalyst. Catal Today 2004;93-95: 315-20.
[33] Swietlana Brokowska. Biodiesel Potential in Iceland; master thesis 2009.
[34] Ott L, Bicker M, Vogel H. Catalytic dehydration of glycerol in sub- and supercritical water: a new chemical process for acrolein production. Green Chem 2006;8;214- 220.
[35] Rahmat N, Abdullah AZ, Mohamed AR. Recent progress on innovative and potential technologies for glycerol transformation into fuel additives: A critical review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2010;14:987-1000.
[36] Posada JA, Cardona CA. Análisis de la refinación de glicerina obtenida como co-producto en la producción de biodiesel. Ingeniería y Universidad 2010;14(1).
[37] Johnson DT, Taconi KA. The Glycerin glut: Options for the value-added conversion of crude glycerol resulting from biodiesel production. Environ. Prog. 2007;26:338-348.
[38] Yazdani SS, Gonzalez R. Anaerobic fermentation of glycerol: a path to economic viability for the biofuels industry. Curr Opin Biotech. 2007;18:213-9.
[39] Anastasia A. Apostolakou I, Kookos K, Apostolis AK Capital and manufacturing most mstimation of a bioprocess converting raw glycerol to 1,3-Propanediol In: Microbial conversions of raw glycerol, Aggelis G (editor). Nova Science Publishers Inc., 2009; 169-181.
[40] Animal fats and oils 2010. www.thejacobsen.com
[41] Hazimah AH, Ooi TL, Salmiah A. Recovery of glycerol and diglycerol from glycerol pitch J Oil Palm Res 2003;15:1–5
[42] Thompson JC, He BB. Characterization of crude glycerol from biodiesel production for multiple feedstocks.
Appl. Eng. Agric. 2006;22: 261-265.
[43] González-Pajuelo M, Andrade JC, Vasconcelos I. Production of 1,3-propanediol by Clostridium butyricum VPI 3266 in continuous cultures with high yield and productivity. J Ind Microbiol Biotech; 2005a;32:391–6. [44] Mu Y, Teng H, Zhang DJ, Wang W, Xiu ZL. Microbial production of 1,3-propanediol by Klebsiella
pneumoniae using crude glycerol biodiesel preparations. Biotechnol Lett. 2006;28:1755–9.
[45] Selembo PA, Perez JM, Lloyd WA, Logan BE. High hydrogen production from glycerol or glucose by electrohydrogenesis using microbial electrolysis cells. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2009;34:5373-81.
[46] Schröder A, Südekum KH. Glycerol as a by-product of biodiesel production in diets for ruminants. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Rapeseed Conference. Canberra, Australia: The Regional Institute, Ltd 1999.
[47] Kimberly AM. Utilization of Biodiesel-Derived Crude Glycerol by Fungi for Biomass and Lipid Production. Masters thesis. The University of Guelph Laboratory services Soil and nutrient Laboratory 2012.
[48] Pagliario M, Rossi M. The future of Glycerol: New usages for a versatile raw Material. Cambridge: RSC
Publishing 2008.
[49] Yagiz F, Kazan D, Akin N. Biodiesel production from waste oils by using lipase immobilized on hydrotalcite and zeolites, Chem. Eng. J. 2007;134:262-267.
[50] Holm-Nielsen JB, Lomborg CJ, Oleskowicz-Popiel P, Esbensen KH. On-line near infrared monitoring of glycerol-boosted anaerobic digestion processes: evaluation of process analytical technologies.
Biotechnology and Bioengineering 2008;99:302-313.
[51] Lammers PJ, Kerr BJ, Weber TE, Dozier WA 3rd, Kidd MT, Bregendahl K, Honeyman MS. Digestible and metabolizable energy of crude glycerol for growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 2008b;86:602-608. [52] Cerrate S, Yan F, Wang Z, Coto C, Sacakli P, Waldroupand PW. Evaluation of glycerine from biodiesel
production as a feed ingredient for broilers. International Journal of Poultry Science2006;5:1001-1007. [53] Lammers PJ, Kerr BJ, Honeyman MS, Stalder K, Dozier WA 3rd, Weber TE, Kidd MT, Bregendahl K. ().
Nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy value of crude glycerol for laying hens. Poultry Science 2008a;87:104-107.
[54] DeFrain JM, Hippen AR, Kalscheur KF, Jardon PW. Feeding glycerol to transition dairy cows: Effects on blood metabolites and lactation performance. Journal of Dairy Science 2004;87:4195-4206.
[55] Mu Y, Teng H, Zhang DJ, Wang W, Xiu ZL. Microbial production of 1,3-propanediol by Klebsiella
pneumoniae using crude glycerol from biodiesel preparations. Biotechnol Lett 2006;28:1755=9.
[56] Lee PC, Lee WG, Lee SY, Chang HN. Succinic acid production with reduced by-product formation in the fermentation of Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens using glycerol as a carbon source. Biotechnol
Bioeng. 2001;72:41–8.
[57] Dharmadi Y, Murarka A, Gonzalez R. Anaerobic fermentation of glycerol by Escherichia coli: a new platform for metabolic engineering. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006;94:821–9.
[58] Papanikolaou S, Muniglia L, Chevalot I, Aggelis G, Marc I. Yarrowai lipolytica as a potential producer of citric acid from raw glycerol. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2002;92:737-744.
[59] Morgunov IG, Kamzolova SV, Lunina JN. Citric acid production from raw glycerol by acetate mutants of
Yarrowia lipolytica. Chemical Papers 2006;60:301- 304.
[60] Chatzifragkou A, Dietz D, Komaitis M, Zeng AP, Papanikolaou S. The effect of raw glycerol concentration on the production of 1,3-propanediol by Clostridium butyricum. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 2004;79:1189-1196.
[61] Alhanash A, Kozhevnikova EF, Kozhevnikov IV. Hydrogenolysis of glycerol to propanediol over Ru: Polyoxometalate bifunctional catalyst. Catalysis Letters 2008;120:307 311.
[62] Dasari MA, Kiatsimkul PP, Sutterlin WR, Suppes GJ. Low-pressure hydrogenolysis of glycerol to propylene glycol. Applied Catalysis a-General 2005;281:225-231.
[63] Chiu CW, Dasari MA, Sutterlin WR, Suppes GJ. Removal of residual catalyst from simulated biodiesel's crude glycerol for glycerol hydrogenolysis to propylene glycol. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
Research 2006;45:791-795.
[64] Cortright RD, Davda RR, Dumesic JA. Hydrogen from catalytic reforming of biomass derived hydrocarbons in liquid water. Nature 2002;418:964-967.
[65] Nilles, D. A glycerin factor. Biodiesel Magazine August/September. Grand Forks, ND: BBI International 2005.
[66] Biodiesel: barriers, potentials and impacts. Available from: http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_ sites/06-07/Biodiesel/experiment.htm.
[67] Murarka A, Dharmadi Y, Yazdani SS, Gonzalez R. Fermentative utilization of glycerol by Escherichia coli and its implications for the production of fuels and chemicals. Appl Environ Microb, 2008;74:1124–1135. [68] Ken-Jer Wu, Yeuh-Hui L, Yung-Chung L, Chun-Yen C, Wen- Ming C, Jo-Shu C. Converting glycerol into
hydrogen, ethanol, and diols with a Klebsiella sp. HE1 strain via anaerobic fermentation. J Taiwan Inst
Chem Eng; 2011;42: 20-5.
[69] González-Pajuelo M, Andrade JC, Vasconcelos I. Production of 1,3-propanediol by Clostridium butyricum VPI 3266 using a synthetic medium and raw glycerol. J Ind Microbiol Biotech 2004; 31:442–6.
[70] Hu H, Wood TK. An evolved Escherichia coli strain for producing hydrogen and ethanol from glycerol.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010;391:1033–1038.
[71] Kivistö A, Ville S, Matti K. Hydrogen production from glycerol using halophilic fermentative bacteria.
Bioresource Technology 2010;101:8671–8677
[72] Escapa A, Manuel MF, Moran A, Gomez X, Guiot SR, Tartakovsky B. Hydrogen production from glycerol in a membrane less microbial electrolysis cell. Energy Fuels 2009;23:4612-8.
[73] Seifert K, Waligorska M, Wojtowski M, Laniecki M. Hydrogen generation from glycerol in batch fermentation process. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2009;34:3671-8.
[74] Rittmann S and Herwig C.A comprehensive and quantitative review of dark fermentative biohydrogen production. Microbial Cell Factories 2012;11:1-18.
[75] Priscilla AS, Joe MP, Wallis AL, Bruce EL. Enhanced hydrogen and 1,3-propanediol production from glycerol by fermentation using mixed cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009;104:1098-106.
[76] Gerva´ sio PS, Matthias M, Jonas C. Glycerol: a promising and abundant carbon source for industrial microbiology. Biotechnol Adv. 2009;27:30-9.
[77] Ngo TA, Kim MS, Sim SJ. High-yield biohydrogen production from biodiesel manufacturing waste by
Thermotoga neapolitana. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2011;36:5836-42.
[78] Maru BT, Bielen AAM, Constantí M, Medina F, Kengen SWM. Glycerol fermentation to hydrogen by Thermotoga maritima: Proposed pathway and bioenergetic considerations, Int J Hydrogen Energy 2013;38:5563-5572
[79] Guillaume SP, Patrick CH. High yield conversion of a crude glycerol fraction from biodiesel production to hydrogen by photofermentation. Bioresour Technol 2009;100:3513-7.
[80] Chin HL, Chen ZS, Chou CP. Fed-batch operation using Clostridium acetobutylicum suspension culture as biocatalyst for enhancing hydrogen production. Biotechnol Prog 2003;19:383-8.
[81] Sakai S, Yagishita T. Microbial production of hydrogen and ethanol from glycerol-containing wastes discharged from a biodiesel fuel production plant in a bioelectrochemical reactor with thionine. Biotechnol
Bioeng 2007;98:340–348.
[82] Bruna SF, Guilherme P, Fernanda RA, Nora K, Saavedra A, Marcelo Z. Potential to produce biohydrogen from various wastewaters. Energy Sustain Develop.2010;14:143-8.
[83] Niel EWJ, Claassen PAM, Stams AJM. Substrate and product inhibition of hydrogen production by the extreme thermophile, Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus. Biotechnol Bioeng.2003;81:255-62.
[84] Sarma SJ, Brar SK, Sydney EB, BihanYL, Buelna G, Soccol CR. Microbial hydrogen production by bioconversion of crude glycerol: A review. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2012;37:6473-6490.
[85] Amund OO, Ilori MO, Odetundun FR. Degradation of commercial detergent products by microbial populations of the lagos lagoon. Folia Microbiol 1997;42:353-6.
[86] Marques PASS, Bartolomeu ML, Tomé MM, Neves LM. Bio-hydrogen production from glycerol by a strain of Enterobacter aerogenes. HYPOTHESIS VIII Lisbon (Portugal) 2009;April 1-3,
[87] Nakashimada Y, Rachman MA, Kakizono T, Nishio N. Hydrogen production of Enterobacteraerogenes altered by extracellular and intracellular redox states. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2002;27:1399–1405.
[88] Saint-Amans S, Perlot P, Goma G, Soucaille P. High production of 1,3-propanediol from glycerol by
Clostridium butyricum VPI 3266 in a simply controlled fed-batch system. Biotech Lett 1994;16:831–836.
[89] Biebl H, Zeng AP, Menzel K, Deckwer WD. Fermentation of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol and 2,3 butanediol by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1998;50:24–9.
[90] Temudo MF, Poldermans R, Kleerebezem R, van Loosdrecht MCM. Glycerol Fermentation by (open) mixed cultures: A chemostat study. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008a;100:1088 1098.
[91] Sergei AM, Jared A and Barbara W. Bioreactor for glycerol conversion into H2 by bacterium Enterobacter
[92] Yohei A, Dong- YL, Yu-You L, Tatsuya N. Hydrogen production potentials and fermentative characteristics of various substrates with different heat-pretreated natural microflora. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2009;34:5365-72.
[93] Kotay SM, Das D. Microbial hydrogen production with Bacillus coagulans IIT-BT S1 isolated from anaerobic sewage sludge. Bioresource Technol. 2007;98:1183–1190.
[94] Chaudhary N, Ngadi MO, Simpson BK, Kassama LS. Biosynthesis of ethanol and hydrogen by glycerol fermentation using Escherichia coli. Adv Chem Eng Sci, 2011;1:83–89.
[95] Heyndrickx M, De Vos P, Vancanneyt M, De Ley J. The fermentation of glycerol by Clostridium butyricum LMG 1212 t2 and C. pasteurianum LMG 3285. Appl Microbiol Biot 1991;34:637–642.
[96] Seyfried M, Lyon D, Rainey FA, Wiegel J. Caloramator viterbensis sp. nov., a novel thermophilic, glycerol- fermenting bacterium isolated from a hot spring in Italy. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2002;52:1177–1184. [97] Zhao X, Xing D, Fu N, Liu B, Ren N. Hydrogen production by the newly isolated Clostridium beijerinckii RZF-
1108. Bioresource Technol.2011;102:8432–8436.
[98] Akhtar MK, Jones PR. Deletion of iscR stimulates recombinant clostridial Fe-Fe hydrogenase activity and H2-accumulation in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Appl Microbiol Biot.2008;78:853–862.
[99] Ntaikou I, Gavala HN, Kornaros M, Lyberatos G. Hydrogen production from sugars and sweet sorghum biomass using Ruminococcus albus. Int J Hydrogen Energ. 2008;33:1153–1163.
[100] Leja K, Czaczyk K and Myszka K. The use of microorganisms in 1,3-Propanediol production. Afr J Microbiol
Res. 2011;5:4652-4658.
[101] Agnieszka D, Katarzyna L, Katarzyna C. Biotechnological production of 1,3-propanediol from crude glycerol.
BioTechnologia.2011;92:92-100.
[102] Maru BT, Constanti M, Stchigel AM, Medina F, Sueiras JE. Biohydrogen production by dark fermentation of glycerol using Enterobacter and Citrobacter Sp. Biotechnol progr. 2013;29: 31–38
[103] Sun YQ, Wen TQ, Teng H, Xiu ZL, Zeng AP. Mathematical modeling of glycerol fermentation by Klebsiella
pneumoniae: Concerning enzyme-catalytic reductive pathway and transport of glycerol and 1,3-
propanediol across cellmembrane. Biochem Eng J.2008;38: 22–32.
[104] Daniel R, Stuertz K, Gottschalk G. Biochemical and molecular characterization of the oxidative branch of glycerol utilization by Citrobacter freundii. J Bacteriol.1995;177:4392–401.
[105] Luers F, Seyfried M, Daniel R, Gottschalk G. Glycerol conversion to 1,3-propanediol by Clostridium
pasteurianum: cloning and expression of the gene encoding 1,3- propanediol dehydrogenase. FEMS Microbiol Lett.1997;154: 337-45.
[106] Macis L, Daniel R, Gottschalk G. Properties and sequence of the coenzyme B12-dependent glycerol dehydratase of Clostridium pasteurianum. FEMS Microbiol Lett.1998;164:21-8.
[107] Juanita M, Guangyi W. Metabolic pathway engineering for enhanced biohydrogen production. Int J
Hydrogen Energy.2009;34:7404-16.
[108] Vignais PM, Billoud B, Meyer J. Classification and phylogeny of hydrogenases. FEMS Microbiol
Rev.2001;25:455-501.
[109] Nath K, Das D. Improvement of fermentative hydrogen production: various approaches. Appl Microbiol
Biotechnol.2004;65:520-9.
[110] Ahrens K, Menzel K, Zeng AP, Deckwer WD. Kinetic, dynamic, and pathway studies of glycerol metabolism by Klebsiella pneumoniae in anaerobic continuous culture: III. Enzymes and fluxes of glycerol dissimilation and 1, 3- propanediol formation. Biotechnol Bioeng;1998;59:544-52.
[111] Németh A, Kupcsulik B, Sevella B. 1,3-Propanediol oxidoreductase production with Klebsiella pneumoniae DSM2026. World J Microbiol Biotechnol.2003;19:659–63.
[112] Gonzalez R, Murarka A, Dharmadi Y, Yazdani SS. A new model for the anaerobic fermentation of glycerol in enteric bacteria: Trunk and auxiliary pathways in Escherichia coli. Metab Eng.2008;10:234-245.
[113] Demirbas A. Biohydrogen generation from organic wastes. Energy Source Part A. 2008;30:475-482. [114] Zhu MM, Lawman PD, Cameron DC. Improving 1.3-propanediol production from glycerol in a metabolically
engineered Escherichia coli by reducing accumulation of sn-glycerol-3 phosphate. Biotechnol Prog. 200218:694–9.
[115] Toraya T, Honda S, Kuno S, Fukui S. Coenzyme B12-dependent diol dehydratase: regulation of apoenzyme synthesis in Klebsiella pneumoniae (Aerobacter aerogenes) ATCC 8724. J Bacteriol; 1978;135:726–9. [116] Forage RG, Foster AM. Glycerol fermentation in Klebsiella pneumoniae: functions of the coenzyme B12-
dependent glycerol and diol dehydratases. J Bacteriol 1982;149: 413–9.
[117] Knietsch A, Bowien S, Whited G, Gottschalk G, Daniel R. Identification and characterization of coenzyme B12-dependent glycerol dehydratase- and diol dehydratase-encoding genes from metagenomic DNA libraries derived from enrichment cultures. Appl Env Microbiol.2003;69:3048–60.
[118] Oraya T, Honda S, Kuno S, Fukui S. Distribution of coenzyme B12-dependent diol dehydratase and Glycerol dehydratase in selected genera of Enterobacteriaceae and Propionibacteriaceae. J Bacteriol; 1980;141:1439–42.
[119] Tong IT, Liao HH, Cameron DC. 1,3-propanediol production by Escherichia coli expressing genes from the Klebsiella pneumoniae dha regulon. Appl Env Microbiol 1991;57: 3541-6.
[120] Seifert C, Bowien S, Gottschalk G, Daniel R. Identification and expression of the genes and purification and characterization of the genes products involved in reactivation of coenzyme B12-dependent glycerol dehydratase of Citrobacter freundii. Eur J Biochem 2001; 268: 2369-78.
[121] Skraly FA, Lytle BL, Cameron DC. Construction and characterization of a 1,3-propanediol operon. Appl Env
Microbiol.1998;64:98-105.
[122] Veiga da Cunha M, Foster MA. 1,3-propanediol: NAD+ oxidoreductases of Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus buchneri. Appl Env Microbiol. 1992;58:2005–10.
[123] Homann T, Tag C, Biebl H, Deckwer WD, Schink B. Fermentation of glycerol to 1,3- propanediol by
Klebsiella and Citrobacter strains. Appl Microbiol Biotech. 1990:33:121–6.
[124] Deckwer WD. Microbial conversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol. FEMS Microbiol Rev.1995;16:143–9. [125] Raynaud C, Sarçabal P, Meynial-Salles I, Croux C, Soucaille P. Molecular characterization of the 1,3-
propanediol (1,3-PD) operon of Clostridium butyricum. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2003;100:5010–5.
[126] Saint-Amans S, Girbal L, Andrade J, Ahrens K, Soucaille P. Regulation of carbon and electron flow in
Clostridium butyricum VPI 3266 grown on glucose-glycerol mixtures. J Bacteriol. 2001;183:1748–54.
[127] González-Pajuelo M, Meynial-Salles I, Mendes F, Soucaille P, Vasconcelos I. Microbial conversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol: physiological comparison of a natural producer, Clostridium butyricum VPI 3266 and an engineered strain, Clostridium acetobutylicum DG1 (pSPD5). Appl Env Microbiol.2006;72:96- 101.
[128] Papanikolaou S, Ruiz-Sanchez P, Pariset B, Blanchard F, Fick M. High production of 1,3-Propanediol from industrial glycerol by a newly isolated Clostridium butyricum strain. J. Biotechnol. 2000;77:191–208.. [129] Barbirato F, Soucaille P, Bories A. Physiologic mechanisms involved in accumulation of 3
hydroxypropionaldehyde during fermentation of glycerol by Enterobacter agglomerans. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 1996;62:4405-4409.
[130] Biebl H. Fermentation of glycerol by Clostridium pasteurianum batch and continuous culture studies. J Ind
Microbiol Biotech.2001;27:18–26.
[131] Durnin G, Clomburg J, Yeates Z, Alvarez PJ, Zygourakis K, Campbell P, Gonzalez R. Understanding and harnessing the microaerobic metabolism of glycerol in Escherichia coli. Biotech.Bioeng. 2009;103:148–161. [132] Imandi SB, Bandaru VVR, Somalanka SR, Garapati HR. Optimization of medium constituents for the production of citric acid from byproduct glycerol using Doehlert experimental design. Enzyme Microb
Technol. 2007;40:1367–72.
[133] Mahishi LH, Tripathi G, Rawal SK. Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) synthesis by recombinant Escherichia coli harbouring Streptomyces aureofaciens PHB biosynthesis genes: Effect of various carbon and nitrogen sources. Microbiol Res; 2003;158:19–27.
[134] González-Pajuelo M, Meynial-Salles I, Mendes F, Andrade JC, Vasconcelos I, Soucaille P. Metabolic engineering of Clostridium butyricum for the industrial production of 1,3-propanediol from glycerol.
This chapter has been published in
Maru B.T, Constanti M., Stchigel A.M., Medina F., Sueiras JE. Biohydrogen production by dark fermentation of glycerol using Enterobacter and Citrobacter sp.Biotechnol progr, 29 (2013), pp. 31–38