Fermentation time (hours)
CONCLUSION
Our results indicate that the addition of both FGF2 and VEGF to collagen-heparin scaffolds leads to an early and well-developed vasculature. This opens new opportunities for the use of acellular scaffolds for tissue engineering.
REFERENCES
1. J.S.Pieper, T.Hafmans, P.B.van Wachem, M.J.van Luyn, L.A.Brouwer, J.H.Veerkamp, and T.H.Van Kuppevelt. "Loading of collagen-heparan sulfate matrices with bFGF promotes angiogenesis and tissue generation in rats." J.Biomed.Mater.Res. 62, no. 2(November 2002):185-94.
2. S.Fukuda, S.Yoshii, S.Kaga, M.Matsumoto, K.Kugiyama, and N.Maulik. "Angiogenic strategy for human ischemic heart disease: brief overview." Mol.Cell Biochem. 264, no. 1-2(September 2004):143-49.
3. S.P.Bennett, G.D.Griffiths, A.M.Schor, G.P.Leese, and S.L.Schor. "Growth factors in the treat ment of diabetic foot ulcers." BrJ.Surg. 90, no. 2(February 2003):133-46.
4. Z.S.Patel and A.G.Mikos. "Angiogenesis with biomaterial-based drug- and cell-delivery systems." J.Biomater.Sci.Polym.Ed 15, no. 6(2004):701-26.
5. G.C.Hughes, S.S.Biswas, B.Yin, R.E.Coleman, T.R.DeGrado, C.K.Landolfo, J.E.Lowe, B.H.Annex, and K.P.Landolfo. "Therapeutic angiogenesis in chronically ischemic porcine myocardium: com parative effects of bFGF and VEGF." Ann.Thorac.Surg. 77, no. 3(March 2004):812-18.
6. F.J.O'Brien, B.A.Harley, I.V.Yannas, and L.J.Gibson. "The effect of pore size on cell adhesion in collagen-GAG scaffolds." Biomaterials 26, no. 4(February 2005):433-41.
7. Rickert, M.A.Moses, A.Lendlein, S.Kelch, and R.P.Franke. "The importance of angiogenesis in the interaction between polymeric biomaterials and surrounding tissue." Clin.Hemorheol.Microcirc. 28, no. 3(2003):175-81.
8. R.Bicknell and A.L.Harris. "Novel angiogenic signaling pathways and vascular targets." Annu.Rev.Pharmacol.Toxicol. 44,(2004):219-38.
9. R.K.Bruick and S.L.McKnight. "Building better vasculature." Genes Dev. 15, no. 19(October 2001):2497-502.
10. A.Hoeben, B.Landuyt, M.S.Highley, H.Wildiers, A.T.Van Oosterom, and E.A.De Bruijn. "Vascular endothelial growth factor and angiogenesis." Pharmacol.Rev. 56, no. 4(December 2004):549- 80.
11. M.Presta, P.Dell'Era, S.Mitola, E.Moroni, R.Ronca, and M.Rusnati. "Fibroblast growth fac tor/fibroblast growth factor receptor system in angiogenesis." Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 16, no. 2(April 2005):159-78.
12. M.Komori, Y.Tomizawa, K.Takada, and M.Ozaki. "A single local application of recombinant hu man basic fibroblast growth factor accelerates initial angiogenesis during wound healing in rab bit ear chamber." Anesth.Analg. 100, no. 3(March 2005):830-4, table.
13. R.Giavazzi, B.Sennino, D.Coltrini, A.Garofalo, R.Dossi, R.Ronca, M.P.Tosatti, and M.Presta. "Dis tinct role of fibroblast growth factor-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor on tumor growth and angiogenesis." Am.J.Pathol. 162, no. 6(June 2003):1913-26.
14. T.Asahara, C.Bauters, L.P.Zheng, S.Takeshita, S.Bunting, N.Ferrara, J.F.Symes, and J.M.Isner. "Synergistic effect of vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor on angiogenesis in vivo." Circulation 92, no. 9 Suppl(November 1995):II365-II371.
15. J.S.Pieper, A.Oosterhof, PJ.Dijkstra, J.H.Veerkamp, and T.H.Van Kuppevelt. "Preparation and characterization of porous crosslinked collagenous matrices containing bioavailable chondroitin sulphate." Biomaterials 20, no. 9(May 1999):847-58.
16. MJ.Wissink, R.Beernink, J.S.Pieper, A.A.Poot, G.H.Engbers, T.Beugeling, W.G.van Aken, and J.Feijen. "Immobilization of heparin to EDC/NHS-crosslinked collagen. Characterization and in vitro evaluation." Biomaterials 22, no. 2(January 2001):151-63.
17. L.H.Olde Damink, PJ.Dijkstra, MJ.van Luyn, P.B.van Wachem, P.Nieuwenhuis, and J.Feijen. "Cross-linking of dermal sheep collagen using a water-soluble carbodiimide." Biomaterials 17, no. 8(April 1996):765-73.
18. W.N.Burnette. ""Western blotting": electrophoretic transfer of proteins from sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gels to unmodified nitrocellulose and radiographic detection with anti body and radioiodinated protein A." Anal.Biochem. 112, no. 2(April 1981):195-203.
19. T.H.Van Kuppevelt, M.A.Dennissen, W.J.van Venrooij, R.M.Hoet, and J.H.Veerkamp. "Genera tion and application of type-specific anti-heparan sulfate antibodies using phage display tech
nology. Further evidence for heparan sulfate heterogeneity in the kidney." J.Biol.Chem. 273, no. 21(May 1998):12960-66.
20. W.F.Daamen, S.T.Nillesen, T.Hafmans, J.H.Veerkamp, MJ.van Luyn, and T.H.Van Kuppevelt. "Tissue response of defined collagen-elastin scaffolds in young and adult rats with special at tention to calcification." Biomaterials 26, no. 1(January 2005):81-92.
21. Bancroft JD and O.Stoeltzing. Theory and practice of histological techniques, Edinburgh, UK: Churchill Livingston, 1990.
22. I.Masaki, Y.Yonemitsu, A.Yamashita, S.Sata, M.Tanii, K.Komori, K.Nakagawa, X.Hou, Y.Nagai, M.Hasegawa, K.Sugimachi, and K.Sueishi. "Angiogenic gene therapy for experimental critical limb ischemia: acceleration of limb loss by overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor 165 but not of fibroblast growth factor-2." Circ.Res. 90, no. 9(May 2002):966-73.
23. A.P.Taylor, M.Rodriguez, K.Adams, D.M.Goldenberg, and R.D.Blumenthal. "Altered tumor vessel maturation and proliferation in placenta growth factor-producing tumors: potential relationship to post-therapy tumor angiogenesis and recurrence." IntJ.Cancer 105, no. 2(June 2003):158-64. 24. L.E.Huang, J.Gu, M.Schau, and H.F.Bunn. "Regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha is medi ated by an O2-dependent degradation domain via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway." Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A 95, no. 14(July 1998):7987-92.
25. M.Fujita, M.Ishihara, M.Simizu, K.Obara, T.Ishizuka, Y.Saito, H.Yura, Y.Morimoto, B.Takase, T.Matsui, M.Kikuchi, and T.Maehara. "Vascularization in vivo caused by the controlled release of fibroblast growth factor-2 from an injectable chitosan/non-anticoagulant heparin hydrogel." Biomaterials 25, no. 4(February 2004):699-706.
26. H.Gitay-Goren, S.Soker, I.Vlodavsky, and G.Neufeld. "The binding of vascular endothelial growth factor to its receptors is dependent on cell surface-associated heparin-like molecules." J.Biol.Chem. 267, no. 9(March 1992):6093-98.
27. M.Calvani, A.Rapisarda, B.Uranchimeg, R.H.Shoemaker, and G.Melillo. "Hypoxic induction of a HIF-1{alpha}- dependent bFGF autocrine loop drives angiogenesis in human endothelial cells." Blood(November 2005).
28. H.M.Blau and A.Banfi. "The well-tempered vessel." Nat.Med. 7, no. 5(May 2001):532-34. 29. MJ.van Amerongen, G.Molema, J.Plantinga, H.Moorlag, and M.J.van Luyn. "Neovascularization
and vascular markers in a foreign body reaction to subcutaneously implanted degradable bio material in mice." Angiogenesis. 5, no. 3(2002):173-80.
30. M.W.Laschke, A.Elitzsch, B.Vollmar, P.Vajkoczy, and M.D.Menger. "Combined inhibition of vas cular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor, but not inhibition of VEGF alone, effectively suppresses angiogenesis and vessel matura tion in endometriotic lesions." Hum.Reprod. 21, no. 1(January 2006):262-68.
31. D.Trentin, H.Hall, S.Wechsler, and J.A.Hubbell. "Tissue Engineering Special Feature: Peptide- matrix-mediated gene transfer of an oxygen-insensitive hypoxia-inducible factor-1{alpha} vari ant for local induction of angiogenesis." Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A 103, no. 8(February 2006):2506-11.
32. M.G.Tonnesen, X.Feng, and R.A.Clark. "Angiogenesis in wound healing." J.Investig.Dermatol.Symp.Proc. 5, no. 1(December 2000):40-46.
33. K.H.Lee. "Tissue-engineered human living skin substitutes: development and clinical applica tion." Yonsei Med.J. 41, no. 6(December 2000):774-79.