In this study, EHD printable ink formulations for dispersing nanosized and sub-micron sized tungsten particles were invented, PAA coated silver nanoparticle dispersion system for stable and reliable EHD ink-jet printing was modified and improved. Three inks were formulated using different sized tungsten particles with the same composition. With the assistance of
machine vision and high-speed image acquisition, the impact behaviors of three inks on glass substrate were analyzed to predict ink fluid properties. A method was developed to precisely control the silver ink fluid surface tension, viscosity, and dielectric constant by optimizing the ink formulation with the assistance of glycerol and Triton-X surfactants. By conducting printing performance evaluation, increase active voltage level increased the droplet size, increase
frequency decreased the droplet size mildly. For silver inks, increase the duty ratio decreases the droplet size while increase the tungsten droplet size since silver prefers negative charge while tungsten prefers positive. In order to evaluate x-ray attenuation efficiency, the intensity gradient was calibrated using bulk tungsten sheets. It standardized a calibration curve, converting sample intensity and blank intensity ratio to bulk tungsten thickness. Printed tungsten parts were imaged under the exposure of x-ray for attenuation evaluation followed up with stacking efficiency analysis discovered that stacking efficiency decreased with the printing layer increases.
However, the job is far from finished. There are more studies to be continued to fully understand the physics behind the printing process, including droplet generation and droplet impacts. It may also be interesting to discover how silver nanoparticle behaves inside the droplet while been charged during the printing process. It is also important to simulate different
materials properties impacting on the printing performance as well as x-ray absorbing performance.
REFERENCES
Aboud, Damon G. K., and Anne-Marie Kietzig. 2015. “Splashing Threshold of Oblique Droplet Impacts on Surfaces of Various Wettability.” Langmuir 31 (36): 10100–111.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02447.
Achenbach, Elmar. 1972. “Experiments on the Flow Past Spheres at Very High Reynolds Numbers.” Journal of Fluid Mechanics 54 (3): 565–75.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112072000874.
Ahn, Bok Y., Eric B. Duoss, Michael J. Motala, Xiaoying Guo, Sang Il Park, Yujie Xiong, Jongseung Yoon, Ralph G. Nuzzo, John A. Rogers, and Jennifer A. Lewis. 2009.
“Omnidirectional Printing of Flexible, Stretchable, and Spanning Silver Microelectrodes.”
Science 323 (5921): 1590–93. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1168375.
Blazdell, P. F., and J. R.G. Evans. 2000. “Application of a Continuous Ink Jet Printer to Solid Freeforming of Ceramics.” Journal of Materials Processing Technology 99 (1): 94–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(99)00392-1.
Bokor, Jeffrey. 2007. “Ultra-High-Resolution Monolithic Thermal Bubble Inkjet Print Head.”
Journal of Micro/Nanolithography, MEMS, and MOEMS 6 (4): 043009.
https://doi.org/10.1117/1.2816449.
Borchers, Kirsten, Veronika Schonhaar, Thomas Hirth, Gunter E.M. Tover, and Achim Weber. 2011. “Ink Formulation for Inkjet Printing of Streptavidin and Streptavidin Functionalized Nanoparticles.” Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology 32 (12): 1759–64.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2011.616168.
Bügler, Jürgen H, Hans Buchner, and Anton Dallmayer. 2005. “Characterization of Ballpoint Pen Inks by Thermal Desorption and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.” J Forensic Sci. Vol. 50. www.astm.org.
Cahill, Vincent. n.d. “Digital Printing of Textiles, Obstacles & Overview.”
Cao, Xuan, Haitian Chen, Xiaofei Gu, Bilu Liu, Wenli Wang, Yu Cao, Fanqi Wu, and Chongwu Zhou. 2014. “Screen Printing as a Scalable and Low-Cost Approach for Rigid and Flexible Thin-Film Transistors Using Separated Carbon Nanotubes.” ACS Nano 8 (12): 12769–76. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn505979j.
Chang, Le, Yan Zhang, Yujian Liu, Jun Fang, Weilin Luan, Xiangmin Yang, and Weidong Zhang. 2015. “Preparation and Characterization of Tungsten/Epoxy Composites for γ-Rays Radiation Shielding.” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B:
Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 356–357 (August): 88–93.
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NIMB.2015.04.062.
Chau, Joseph, Chih-Chao Yang, and Hsi-Hsin Shih. 2014. “Microwave Plasma Production of Metal Nanopowders.” Inorganics 2 (2): 278–90. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics2020278.
Chen, C.-H, D A Saville, and I A Aksay. 2006a. “Electrohydrodynamic ‘Drop-and-Place’ Particle Deployment.” Appl. Phys. Lett 88: 154104. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2191733. ———. 2006b. “Scaling Laws for Pulsed Electrohydrodynamic Drop Formation.” Appl. Phys.
Lett 89: 124103. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2356891.
Chen, Pochiang, Yue Fu, Radnoosh Aminirad, Chuan Wang, Jialu Zhang, Kang Wang, Kosmas Galatsis, and Chongwu Zhou. 2011. “Fully Printed Separated Carbon Nanotube Thin Film Transistor Circuits and Its Application in Organic Light Emitting Diode Control.” Nano
Letters 11 (12): 5301–8. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl202765b.
Chien Dang, Mau, Thi My Dung Dang, and Eric Fribourg-Blanc. 2015. “Silver Nanoparticles Ink Synthesis for Conductive Patterns Fabrication Using Inkjet Printing Technology.” In
Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. Vol. 6. Institute of
Physics Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/2043-6262/6/1/015003.
Chien Dang, Mau, Thi My Dung Dang, Eric Fribourg-Blanc -, Thi Thu Tuyet Le, Eric Fribourg- Blanc, al -, Monica Michel, et al. 2015. “Silver Nanoparticles Ink Synthesis for Conductive Patterns Fabrication Using Inkjet Printing Technology.” Adv. Nat. Sci: Nanosci.
Nanotechnol 6: 15003. https://doi.org/10.1088/2043-6262/6/1/015003.
Czaplewski, David A., Jun Kameoka, Robert Mathers, Geoffrey W. Coates, and H. G. Craighead. 2003. “Nanofluidic Channels with Elliptical Cross Sections Formed Using a Nonlithographic Process.” Applied Physics Letters 83 (23): 4836–38.
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1633008.
Derby, Brian. 2010. “Inkjet Printing of Functional and Structural Materials: Fluid Property Requirements, Feature Stability, and Resolution.” Annual Review of Materials Research 40 (1): 395–414. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-070909-104502.
———. 2015. “Additive Manufacture of Ceramics Components by Inkjet Printing.”
Engineering. Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.15302/J-ENG-2015014.
Derby, Brian, and Nuno Reis. 2003. “Inkjet Printing of Highly Loaded Particulate Suspensions.”
MRS Bulletin. Materials Research Society. https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs2003.230.
Fang, Changqing, Xing Zhou, Qian Yu, Shaolong Liu, Dagang Guo, Ruien Yu, and Jingbo Hu. 2014. “Synthesis and Characterization of Low Crystalline Waterborne Polyurethane for Potential Application in Water-Based Ink Binder.” Progress in Organic Coatings 77 (1): 61–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PORGCOAT.2013.08.004.
Fernández de la Mora, Juan. 2007. “The Fluid Dynamics of Taylor Cones.” Annual Review of
Fluid Mechanics 39 (1): 217–43. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.39.050905.110159.
Gans, Berend-Jan de, and Ulrich S. Schubert. 2003. “Inkjet Printing of Polymer Micro-Arrays and Libraries: Instrumentation, Requirements, and Perspectives.” Macromolecular Rapid
Gatne, Kalpak P., Milind A. Jog, and Raj M. Manglik. 2009. “Surfactant-Induced Modification of Low Weber Number Droplet Impact Dynamics.” Langmuir 25 (14): 8122–30.
https://doi.org/10.1021/la900625a.
Ghosh, Sirshendu, Saikat Khamarui, Manas Saha, and S. K. De. 2015a. “Fabrication of Tungsten Nanocrystals and Silver-Tungsten Nanonets: A Potent Reductive Catalyst.” RSC Advances 5 (49): 38971–76. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra16567e.
Ghosh, Sirshendu, Saikat Khamarui, Manas Saha, and S K De. 2015b. “Fabrication of Tungsten Nanocrystals and Silver-Tungsten Nanonets: A Potent Reductive Catalyst †” 5.
https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra16567e.
Grouchko, Michael, Alexander Kamyshny, and Shlomo Magdassi. 2009. “Formation of Air- Stable Copper–Silver Core–Shell Nanoparticles for Inkjet Printing.” Journal of Materials
Chemistry 19 (19): 3057. https://doi.org/10.1039/b821327e.
Guo, Yang, Huseini S Patanwala, Brice Bognet, and Anson W K Ma. n.d. “Inkjet and Inkjet- Based 3D Printing: Connecting Fluid Properties and Printing Performance.” Accessed June 22, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-05-2016-0076.
Han, Yiwei, and Jingyan Dong. 2018a. “Electrohydrodynamic Printing for Advanced
Micro/Nanomanufacturing: Current Progresses, Opportunities, and Challenges.” Journal of
Micro and Nano-Manufacturing 6 (4). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4041934.
———. 2018b. “Fabrication of Self-Recoverable Flexible and Stretchable Electronic Devices.”
Journal of Manufacturing Systems 48 (July): 24–29.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2018.04.011.
Hansen, F. K., and G. Rødsrud. 1991. “Surface Tension by Pendant Drop. I. A Fast Standard Instrument Using Computer Image Analysis.” Journal of Colloid And Interface Science 141 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9797(91)90296-K.
Heymann, F. J. 1969. “High-Speed Impact between a Liquid Drop and a Solid Surface.” Journal
of Applied Physics 40 (13): 5113–22. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1657361.
Hoeng, Fanny, Julien Bras, Erwan Gicquel, Guillaume Krosnicki, and Aurore Denneulin. 2017. “Inkjet Printing of Nanocellulose-Silver Ink onto Nanocellulose Coated Cardboard.” RSC
Advances 7 (25): 15372–81. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra23667g.
Howe, Katie S, Ewan R Clark, James Bowen, and Kevin Kendall. 2013. “A Novel Water-Based Cathode Ink Formulation.” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38: 1731–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.08.105.
Hyun, Woo Jin, Ethan B. Secor, Mark C. Hersam, C. Daniel Frisbie, and Lorraine F. Francis. 2015. “High-Resolution Patterning of Graphene by Screen Printing with a Silicon Stencil for Highly Flexible Printed Electronics.” Advanced Materials 27 (1): 109–15.
J. H. Hubbell+ and S. M. Seltzer. 2004. “X-Ray Mass Attenuation Coefficients | NIST.” NIST Standard Reference Database 126. 2004.
https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.18434/T4D01F.
Jang, Eunji, Eunjung Kim, Hye Young Son, Eun Kyung Lim, Hwunjae Lee, Yuna Choi,
Kwangyeol Park, et al. 2016. “Nanovesicle-Mediated Systemic Delivery of MicroRNA-34a for CD44 Overexpressing Gastric Cancer Stem Cell Therapy.” Biomaterials 105: 12–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.07.036.
Jeong, Sunho, Hae Chun Song, Won Woo Lee, Sun Sook Lee, Youngmin Choi, Wonil Son, Eui Duk Kim, Choon Hoon Paik, Seok Heon Oh, and Beyong-Hwan Ryu. 2011. “Stable
Aqueous Based Cu Nanoparticle Ink for Printing Well-Defined Highly Conductive Features on a Plastic Substrate” 27: 3144–49. https://doi.org/10.1021/la104136w.
Josserand, C., and S.T. Thoroddsen. 2016. “Drop Impact on a Solid Surface.” Annual Review of
Fluid Mechanics 48 (1): 365–91. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-122414-034401.
Kadocsa, András, Reinhard Tatschl, and Gergely Kristóf. 2007. “Analysis of Spray Evolution in Internal Combustion Engines Using Numerical Simulation.” Journal of Computational and
Applied Mechanics 8 (January): 85–100.
Keeling, M R. 1981. “Ink Jet Printing.” Physics in Technology 12 (5): 196–203. https://doi.org/10.1088/0305-4624/12/5/302.
Kettle, John, Taina Lamminmäki, and Patrick Gane. 2010. “A Review of Modified Surfaces for High Speed Inkjet Coating.” Surface and Coatings Technology 204 (12–13): 2103–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2009.10.035.
Khanna, Vinod Kumar. 2019. “Printing Techniques.” In Flexible Electronics, Volume 1. IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-2563/ab0d16ch12.
Khondoker, Mohammad Abu Hasan, Seong Cheol Mun, and Jaehwan Kim. 2013. “Synthesis and Characterization of Conductive Silver Ink for Electrode Printing on Cellulose Film.”
Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing 112 (2): 411–18.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-012-7419-z.
Korkut, Sibel, Dudley A. Saville, and Ilhan A. Aksay. 2008a. “Collodial Cluster Arrays by Electrohydrodynamic Printing.” Langmuir 24 (21): 12196–201.
https://doi.org/10.1021/la8023327.
Korkut, Sibel, Dudley A Saville, and Ilhan A Aksay. 2008b. “Collodial Cluster Arrays by Electrohydrodynamic Printing.” Langmuir 5263 (23): 12196–201.
Lau, Pak Heng, Kuniharu Takei, Chuan Wang, Yeonkyeong Ju, Junseok Kim, Zhibin Yu, Toshitake Takahashi, Gyoujin Cho, and Ali Javey. 2013. “Fully Printed, High Performance Carbon Nanotube Thin-Film Transistors on Flexible Substrates.” Nano Letters 13 (8): 3864–69. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl401934a.
Lee, Chien-Liang, Kun-Chuan Chang, and Ciou-Mei Syu. 2011. “Silver Nanoplates as Inkjet Ink Particles for Metallization at a Low Baking Temperature of 100 °C.” Colloids and Surfaces
A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 381 (1–3): 85–91.
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COLSURFA.2011.03.034.
Lee, Jae Duk, Jun Bo Yoon, Jae Kwan Kim, Hoon Ju Chung, Choon Sup Lee, Hi Deok Lee, Ho Jun Lee, Choong Ki Kim, and Chul Hi Han. 1999. “Thermal Inkjet Printhead with a Monolithically Fabricated Nozzle Plate and Self-Aligned Ink Feed Hole.” Journal of
Microelectromechanical Systems 8 (3): 229–36. https://doi.org/10.1109/84.788625.
Li, Jia, Fabrice Rossignol, and Joanne Macdonald. 2015. “Inkjet Printing for Biosensor
Fabrication: Combining Chemistry and Technology for Advanced Manufacturing.” Lab on
a Chip. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5lc00235d.
Lin, Shiji, Binyu Zhao, Song Zou, Jianwei Guo, Zheng Wei, and Longquan Chen. 2018. “Impact of Viscous Droplets on Different Wettable Surfaces: Impact Phenomena, the Maximum Spreading Factor, Spreading Time and Post-Impact Oscillation.” Journal of Colloid and
Interface Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2017.12.086.
Lyu, Hao, Xiao Zhang, Fei Liu, Yanhua Huang, Zhan Zhang, Shan Jiang, and Hantang Qin. 2019. “Fabrication of Micro-Scale Radiation Shielding Structures Using Tungsten Nanoink through Electrohydrodynamic Inkjet Printing.” Journal of Micromechanics and
Microengineering 29 (11): 115004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6439/ab3b26.
Machado, Poliana Aparecida Lopes, Ana Paula Pereira Alves, Éderson D’Martin Costa, Aparecida Barbosa Mageste, José Maurício Schneedorf Ferreira da Silva, and Luciano Sindra Virtuoso. 2020. “ Phase Diagrams of Aqueous Biphasic Micellar Systems Formed by Polyethylene Glycol (10,000 or 35,000 g Mol –1 ) + Triton X-100 + Water at Different Temperatures: Experimental and Correlation .” Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 65 (6): 2971–82. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.9b01143.
Mao, Ted, David C. S. Kuhn, and Honghi Tran. 1997. “Spread and Rebound of Liquid Droplets upon Impact on Flat Surfaces.” AIChE Journal 43 (9): 2169–79.
https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690430903.
Marsland, T. P., and S. Evans. 1987. “Dielectric Measurements with an Open-Ended Coaxial Probe.” IEE Proceedings H: Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation 134 (4): 341–49. https://doi.org/10.1049/ip-h-2.1987.0068.
Moore, Gordon E. 2009. “Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits, Reprinted from Electronics, Volume 38, Number 8, April 19, 1965, Pp.114 Ff.” IEEE Solid-State Circuits
Society Newsletter 11 (3): 33–35. https://doi.org/10.1109/n-ssc.2006.4785860.
Niittynen, Juha, Enrico Sowade, Hyunkyoo Kang, Reinhard R. Baumann, and Matti Mäntysalo. 2015. “Comparison of Laser and Intense Pulsed Light Sintering (IPL) for Inkjet-Printed Copper Nanoparticle Layers.” Scientific Reports 5 (1): 8832.
Oh, Sun Wha, Chang Woo Kim, Hwa Jin Cha, Umapada Pal, and Young Soo Kang. 2009. “Encapsulated-Dye All-Organic Charged Colored Ink Nanoparticles for Electrophoretic Image Display.” Advanced Materials 21 (48): 4987–91.
https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200901595.
Omastová, Mária, Patrycja Bober, Zuzana Morávková, Nikola Peřinka, Marie Kaplanová, Tomáš Syrový, Jiřina Hromádková, Miroslava Trchová, and Jaroslav Stejskal. 2014. “Towards Conducting Inks: Polypyrrole-Silver Colloids.” Electrochimica Acta 122 (March): 296–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.11.037.
Osch, Thijs H.J. Van, Jolke Perelaer, Antonius W.M. De Laat, and Ulrich S. Schubert. 2008. “Inkjet Printing of Narrow Conductive Tracks on Untreated Polymeric Substrates.”
Advanced Materials 20 (2): 343–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200701876.
Owens, D. K., and R. C. Wendt. 1969. “Estimation of the Surface Free Energy of Polymers.”
Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (8): 1741–47.
https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1969.070130815.
Pan, Alfred I. 1998. “Advances in Thermal Ink-Jet Printing.” In Input/Output and Imaging
Technologies, edited by Yusheng Tim Tsai, Teh-Ming Kung, and Jan Larsen, 3422:38–44.
SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.311101.
Park, Jaehong, Beomsoo Kim, Sang Yoon Kim, and Jungho Hwang. 2014. “Prediction of Drop- on-Demand (DOD) Pattern Size in Pulse Voltage-Applied Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) Jet Printing of Ag Colloid Ink.” Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing 117 (4): 2225–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-014-8650-6.
Pasandideh-Fard, M., Y. M. Qiao, S. Chandra, and J. Mostaghimi. 1996. “Capillary Effects during Droplet Impact on a Solid Surface.” Physics of Fluids 8 (3): 650–59.
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.868850.
Perelaer, Jolke, Patrick J. Smith, Mike M. P. Wijnen, Erwin van den Bosch, Rebecca Eckardt, Peter H. J. M. Ketelaars, and Ulrich S. Schubert. 2009. “Droplet Tailoring Using
Evaporative Inkjet Printing.” Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 210 (5): 387–93. https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.200800537.
Phung, Thanh Huy, Seora Kim, and Kye-Si Kwon. 2017. “A High Speed Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) Jet Printing Method for Line Printing.” Journal of Micromechanics and
Microengineering 27 (9): 095003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6439/AA7C6B.
Prasetyo, Fariza Dian, Hadi Teguh Yudistira, Vu Dat Nguyen, and Doyoung Byun. 2013. “Ag Dot Morphologies Printed Using Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) Jet Printing Based on a Drop-on-Demand (DOD) Operation.” Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 23 (9): 095028. https://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/23/9/095028.
Qin, Hantang, Yi Cai, Jingyan Dong, and Yuan Shin Lee. 2017. “Direct Printing of Capacitive Touch Sensors on Flexible Substrates by Additive E-Jet Printing with Silver Nanoinks.”
Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Transactions of the ASME 139 (3).
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4034663.
Qin, Hantang, Jingyan Dong, and Yuan Shin Lee. 2017. “AC-Pulse Modulated
Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing and Electroless Copper Deposition for Conductive Microscale Patterning on Flexible Insulating Substrates.” Robotics and Computer-
Integrated Manufacturing 43 (February): 179–87.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2015.09.010.
Quincke, G. 1868. “Ueber Die Capillaritätsconstanten Geschmolzener Körper.” Annalen Der
Physik Und Chemie 211 (12): 621–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.18682111207.
Rahman, Khalid, Kamran Ali, Nauman M. Muhammad, Myung Taek Hyun, and Kyung Hyun Choi. 2013. “Fine Resolution Drop-on-Demand Electrohydrodynamic Patterning of Conductive Silver Tracks on Glass Substrate.” Applied Physics A: Materials Science and
Processing 111 (2): 593–600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-012-7267-x.
Romih, Tea, Anita Jemec, Monika Kos, Samo B. Hočevar, Slavko Kralj, Darko Makovec, and Damjana Drobne. 2016. “The Role of PVP in the Bioavailability of Ag from the PVP- Stabilized Ag Nanoparticle Suspension.” Environmental Pollution 218 (November): 957– 64. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2016.08.044.
Ru, Changhai, Jun Luo, and Shaorong Xie. 2010. “High-Speed and Drop-on-Demand Printing with a Pulsed Electrohydrodynamic Jet Related Content A Review of Non-Contact Micro- and Nano-Printing Technologies.” https://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/20/9/095026.
Sahoo, Prasanta Kumar, S.S. Kalyan Kamal, M. Premkumar, T. Jagadeesh Kumar, B. Sreedhar, A.K. Singh, S.K. Srivastava, and K. Chandra Sekhar. 2009. “Synthesis of Tungsten
Nanoparticles by Solvothermal Decomposition of Tungsten Hexacarbonyl.” International
Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 27 (4): 784–91.
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJRMHM.2009.01.005.
Schöttle, Christian, Pascal Bockstaller, Dagmar Gerthsen, and Claus Feldmann. 2014. “Tungsten Nanoparticles from Liquid-Ammonia-Based Synthesis.” Chemical Communications 50 (35): 4547. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cc49854a.
Seto, Shinji, Takashi Yagi, Masakazu Okuda, Shigeru Umehara, and Masaki Kataoka. 2009. “Lifetime Improvement for Full-Width-Array Piezo Ink Jet Print Head Using Matrix Nozzle Arrangement.” Journal of Imaging Science and Technology 53 (5): 050305.
https://doi.org/10.2352/j.imagingsci.technol.2009.53.5.050305.
Šikalo, Š, M. Marengo, C. Tropea, and E. N. Ganić. 2002. “Analysis of Impact of Droplets on Horizontal Surfaces.” Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 25 (7): 503–10.
Siongco, Kathrina R., Rhoda B. Leron, and Meng Hui Li. 2013. “Densities, Refractive Indices, and Viscosities of N,N-Diethylethanol Ammonium Chloride-Glycerol or -Ethylene Glycol Deep Eutectic Solvents and Their Aqueous Solutions.” Journal of Chemical
Thermodynamics 65 (October): 65–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2013.05.041.
Sirringhaus, H., T. Kawase, R. H. Friend, T. Shimoda, M. Inbasekaran, W. Wu, and E. P. Woo. 2000. “High-Resolution Inkjet Printing of All-Polymer Transistor Circuits.” Science 290 (5499): 2123–26. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5499.2123.
Son, Yangsoo, Chongyoup Kim, Doo Ho Yang, and Dong June Ahn. 2008. “Spreading of an Inkjet Droplet on a Solid Surface with a Controlled Contact Angle at Low Weber and Reynolds Numbers.” Langmuir 24 (6): 2900–2907. https://doi.org/10.1021/la702504v. Tekin, Emine, Patrick J. Smith, and Ulrich S. Schubert. 2008. “Inkjet Printing as a Deposition
and Patterning Tool for Polymers and Inorganic Particles.” Soft Matter 4 (4): 703–13. https://doi.org/10.1039/b711984d.
Tung, Hsien-Tse, In-Gann Chen, Ivan M Kempson, Jenn-Ming Song, Yu-Feng Liu, Po-Wei Chen, Weng-Sing Hwang, and Yeukuang Hwu. 2012. “Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Silver Nanocrystals by X-Ray Irradiation for Inkjet Printing.”
https://doi.org/10.1021/am3015718.
Tyler, David J. 2005. “Textile Digital Printing Technologies.” Textile Progress. Taylor & Francis Group . https://doi.org/10.1533/tepr.2005.0004.
Wei, Chuang, Hantang Qin, Nakaira A. Ramírez-Iglesias, Chia-Pin Pin Chiu, Yuan-shin Shin Lee, Jingyan Dong, Nakaira A Ram´ırez-Iglesias Chuang Wei, Hantang Qin, et al. 2014a. “High-Resolution Ac-Pulse Modulated Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing on Highly Insulating Substrates.” Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 24 (4): 045010. https://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/24/4/045010.
———. 2014b. “High-Resolution Ac-Pulse Modulated Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing on Highly Insulating Substrates.” Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 24 (4): 045010. https://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/24/4/045010.
Wijshoff, Herman. 2008. Structure-and Fluid-Dynamics in Piezo Inkjet Printheads. www.oce.com.
———. 2010. “The Dynamics of the Piezo Inkjet Printhead Operation.” Physics Reports. North- Holland. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2010.03.003.
Worsley, Robyn, Lorenzo Pimpolari, Daryl McManus, Ning Ge, Robert Ionescu, Jarrid A. Wittkopf, Adriana Alieva, et al. 2019. “All-2D Material Inkjet-Printed Capacitors: Toward Fully Printed Integrated Circuits.” ACS Nano 13 (1): 54–60.
Xiong, Liufeng, and Ting He. 2006. “Synthesis and Characterization of Ultrafine Tungsten and Tungsten Oxide Nanoparticles by a Reverse Microemulsion-Mediated Method.”
https://doi.org/10.1021/cm052320t.
Xiong, Yujie, Isao Washio, Jingyi Chen, Honggang Cai, Zhi-Yuan Li, and Younan Xia. 2006. “Poly(Vinyl Pyrrolidone): A Dual Functional Reductant and Stabilizer for the Facile Synthesis of Noble Metal Nanoplates in Aqueous Solutions.”
https://doi.org/10.1021/la061323x.
Yildirim, Ozgur E., Qi Xu, and Osman A. Basaran. 2005. “Analysis of the Drop Weight Method.” Physics of Fluids 17 (6): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1938227.
Young, Y. N., M. R. Booty, M. Siegel, and J. Li. 2009. “Influence of Surfactant Solubility on the Deformation and Breakup of a Bubble or Capillary Jet in a Viscous Fluid.” Physics of
Fluids 21 (7): 072105. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3176462.
Zhang, Fan, Christopher Tuck, Richard Hague, Yinfeng He, Ehab Saleh, You Li, Craig Sturgess, and Ricky Wildman. 2016. “Inkjet Printing of Polyimide Insulators for the 3D Printing of Dielectric Materials for Microelectronic Applications.” Journal of Applied Polymer Science 133 (18): n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.43361.
Zhou, Yu, Dan Yu, Ping Xi, and Shui Lin Chen. 2003. “Influence of Styrene-Maleic Anhydride Copolymers on the Stability of Quinacridone Red Pigment Suspensions.” Journal of
Dispersion Science and Technology 24 (5): 731–37. https://doi.org/10.1081/DIS-
120023821.
Zou, Wuhao, Haibo Yu, Peilin Zhou, and Lianqing Liu. 2019. “Tip-Assisted
Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing for High-Resolution Microdroplet Deposition.” Materials