Conclusion

Energy efficiency in Kenya could improve significantly were a coordinated national strategy to be put in place. Improving energy efficiency in Kenya would result in environmental, health, fiscal and employment benefits. It would also help to relieve the shortage of electricity generating capacity that we are facing.

The use of benchmarking has arisen in industry as an important tool for evaluating performance and making comparisons across plants, sectors, or time periods. Benchmarks for energy performance have become important policy tools for the government, incentive programs across sectors, and public relations tools for organizations.

When benchmarks are meaningful, fair, and reliable, they can provide the basis for important changes in energy efficiency. Benchmarks for an entire sector can be used by the government to negotiate voluntary agreements with industries in that sector, whereby companies in that sector agree to energy efficiency targets suggested by the benchmarks. Within a sector, benchmarks can show how all companies or plants are performing, which gives individual facilities a perspective on their performance and an incentive to improve. For these types of programs to be effective, a solid evaluation tool is needed to convince all participants of the equity of the process.

Government can encourage and promote energy efficiency through the implementing of equipment and building standards, fiscal policies, efficiency targets and agreements with industry, the carrying out of audits and assessments, information dissemination program and research and development initiatives; all of which can be realized through the enforcement of the Energy Management Regulations 2012 as set out in the Energy Act 2006.

Benchmark analysis is feasible for a large number of sectors that produce bulk materials. The present analysis is constrained by data gaps and by low production coverage in some areas. The quality of available data, particularly SEC data, production statistics and energy statistics, is variable. The lack of monitoring systems in many organizations contributes further data uncertainty. The government in conjunction with the regulatory bodies specifically ERC need to ensure that production and SEC data is consistently maintained and to increase the quality of energy statistics.

Although this report highlights the energy intensive sectors and industries in the economy, quantifying potential energy savings is hindered by the lack of sector specific and process specific information available detailing energy consumption in Kenya. There have been few studies in recent years such as ‘A

Comprehensive Study And Analysis On Energy Consumption Patterns In Kenya, KIPPRA 2010’ that have collected data on energy use and equally few reliable studies relating to residential and transport energy use, studies have centered on policy and education and program implementation. More effort must be placed on formulating data collection methods, and sub-sector divisions and sub-divisions for collaborating data.

There is significant potential for increasing energy efficiency in many areas of industry; however many of these have long pay back periods. Projects with payback periods of longer than one and a half years are

typically not implemented. The long payback periods are a result of the low unit cost of energy, low exchange rate and high cost of capital. Measures could be implemented to encourage the implementation of these. The establishing of ESCO’s as is evident in other economies would also assist in this area.

Energy efficiency is likely to remain poor with lack of awareness. Energy efficiency is a relatively new concept amongst engineers and facility managers, little is known about the potential for saving energy and even less is done. Benchmarking is an ideal way of developing an interest in energy efficiency and enabling companies to set realistic targets for energy use. Benchmarking and energy auditing go hand in hand.

Energy auditing will help to collect more accurate data on energy use and enable companies to identify target areas for energy savings. It is suggested that government support both these initiatives in the future.

R ^EFERENCES

1) Department of Energy, 2010, 2010 Building Energy Data Book.

2) http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/docs/DataBooks/2010_BEDB.pdf

3) Efficiency valuation organization, 2007, “International Performance Measurement and verification protocol”, www.evo-world.org

4) Energy Regulatory Commission GAZETTE NOTICES NO. THE ENERGY ACT (NO. 12 OF 2006) 5) Jason Glazer, 2006. ASHRAE TRP -1286: Evaluation of Building Energy Performance Rating

Protocols. Prepared for ASHRAE Technical Committee TC 7.6 – Systems Energy Utilization.

6) Kenya Association of Manufacturers energy efficiency and audit reports

7) KIPPRA, A Comprehensive Study and analysis on Energy Consumption Patterns In Kenya a Synopsis of the Draft Final Report, July 2010

8) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), 2006 “Draft PEPS Guide”, www.pepsonline.org, Berkeley, CA

9) N. Matson, M. Piette, “Review of California and National Methods for Energy-Performance Benchmarking of Commercial Buildings”,2005 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) 10) Philip Haves and Brian Coffey,2009, “Benchmarking and Equipment and Controls Assessment

for a ‘Big Box’ Retail Chain,” Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

11) USAID ECO-III project, “Energy Assessment Guide for commercial Buildings”, 2008, International Resources Group, New Delhi India.

12) www.enerdata.net

13) http://www.odyssee-indicators.org

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E

The Tariffs to be applied by the utility company for the supplies of electrical energy from the Interconnected System and also from the Off-Grid Systems, in each billing Period shall be as detailed below:

METHOD DC: Applicable to Domestic Consumers metered by the Company at 240 or 415 volts and whose consumption does not exceed 15,000 Units per Billing Period.

METHOD SC: Applicable to non-domestic Small Commercial Consumers metered by the Company at 240 or 415 volts and whose consumption does not exceed 15,000 Units per Billing Period.

METHOD CI1: Applicable to Commercial and Industrial Consumers for supplies provided and metered by the Company at 415 volts three phase four-wire and whose consumption exceeds 15,000 Units per Billing Period.

METHOD CI2: Applicable to Commercial and Industrial Consumers for supplies provided and metered by the Company at 11,000 volts, per Billing Period.

METHOD CI3: Applicable to Commercial and Industrial Consumers for supplies provided and metered by the Company at 33,000 volts, per Billing Period.

METHOD CI4: Applicable to Commercial and Industrial Consumers for supplies provided and metered by the Company at 66,000 volts, per Billing Period.

METHOD CI5: Applicable to Commercial and Industrial Consumers for supplies provided and metered by the Company at 132,000 volts, per Billing Period.

METHOD IT: Interruptible off-peak supplies of electrical energy to ordinary consumers metered by the Company whose consumption does not exceed 15,000 Units per Billing Period.

METHOD SL: Applicable to public and local authorities metered by the Company at 240 or 415 volts for supplies of electrical energy to public lamps (Street Lighting).

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3: E

B

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D

2,471,330 s 626,750

Company 3 2012

Company 4 2010

Company 1 2012

Products

Company 8 2012

440,166

Company 3 2011

190,133

INSTITUTIONS

Universities

Company 1 2011

1,379,763

Company 2 2011

153,688

Company 3 2011

1,083,447

Company 4 2011

194,779 156 1,800

Company 5 2011

464,227

Company 6 2011

659,357