This discussion serves to validate evidence that the nurse is not really viewed as an end user in CIS implementations. Moreover, nurses are having difficulty adapting to new technological innovation into their practice (Ballard, 2006; Snyder-Halpern, et al., 2001). This difficulty is often due to not having control over systems being implemented into their work flow, ineffective integration of these systems into their work, and not being properly trained to operate these systems. The need for nurses to be involved at every level of decision-making as it relates to the introduction of innovation into their work is imperative to mitigate system failure and truly support nurses' work.
Health care organizations will continue to be faced with challenges such as fluctuations in nurse staffing which could result in high cost of turnover, higher acuity of patients, efforts to decrease medical errors and the need to implement new technologies. The inevitable change that occurs with implementation of new technologies is becoming a constant variable within the culture of nursing. Nurses and health care leaders need to be aware of the internal and external factors that impact the context of nursing, including the impact of technology into nurses' work. In order to create a sustainable environment primed for change management and better working conditions for nurses thereby possibly ensuring better patient outcomes, healthcare organizations must allow nurses unlimited access to system planning and design. Human factors associated with implementation should not be ignored. Otherwise, we will continue to be confronted with the statistics of
over 50% of CIS implementations failing. Therefore, truly supporting and strengthening nurses’ acquisition of knowledge would improve their practice environment.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aiken, L., Clarke, S., Sloane, D., Sochalski, J., Busse, R., Clarke, H., Giovannetti, P., Hunt, J., Rafferty, A. & Shamian, J. (2001). Nurses’ reports on hospital care in five countries. Health Affairs, 20: 43-53.
Aiken, L., Clarke, S., Sloane, D., Sochalski, J. & Silber, J. (2002). Hospital nurse staffing and patient mortality, nurse burnout, and job dissatisfaction. Journal of the
American Medical Association, 288:1987–1993.
Aiken, L. & Patrician, P. (2000). Measuring the organizational traits of hospitals: the revised nursing work index. Nursing Research, 49: 146-152.
American Association of Colleges of Nursing. (1997). A vision of baccalaureate and graduate nursing education: The next decade. Washington, DC: Author. American Association of Colleges of Nursing. (2006). Nursing Shortage Fact Sheet.
Retrieved on March 23, 2008, from
http://www.aacn.nche.edu/Media/FactSheets/NursingShortage.htm
American Nurse Association (2001). NursingWorld.org Health and Safety Survey. Retrieved April 17, 2008, from
http://nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/OccupationalandEnvironmental/occ
upationalhealth/HealthSafetySurvey.aspx
American Nurses Association (2007). Nursing Informatics: Scope and Standards of Practice. Washington, DC: Author
American Hospital Association (2006). The State of America's Hospitals---Taking the Pulse. Findings from the 2006 AHA Survey of Hospital Leaders. Retrieved on April 17, 2008, from
www.aha.org/aha/content/2006/PowerPoint/StateHospitalsChartPack2006.PPT
Ball, M. & Bierstock, S. (2007). Clinicians use of enabling technology: Creating a new healthcare system through the use of enabling technologies requires changes on a profound scale. Journal of Healthcare Information Management, 21: 68-71. Ball, M. & Douglas, J. (2005). Human Factors: Changing Systems, Changing Behaviors.
In J. Demetriades, R. Kolodner, G. Christopherson, eds. Patient-Centered Health Records: Toward HealthePeople. New York: Springer, 60-70.
Ballard, E. (2006). Exploration of nurses’ information work environment. Nurse Researcher, 13: 50-65.
Ballard, E. (2006). Improving information management in ward nurses’ practice. Nursing Standard, 20: 43-48.
Bansler, J. & Havn, E. (2006). Sensemaking in technology-use mediation: Adapting groupware technology in organizations. Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 15: 55-91.
Barnett, D. (1995). Informing the nursing professions with IT. In: Greenes, R., Peterson, H., Protti, D., Eds. Proceedings of the 8th World Congress Medical Informatics, MEDINFO. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Barr, B. (2002). Managing change during an information systems transition. Association of Operating Room Nurses, 75: 1085-1092.
Bates, D., Cohen, M. Leape, L., Overhage, J., Shabot, M. & Sheridan, T. (2001). Reducing the frequency of errors in medicine using information technology. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 8: 299-308.
Bates, D. & Gawande, A. (2003). Improving safety with information technology. The New England Journal of Medicine, 348: 2526- 2534.
Bauerhaus, P., Donelan, K., Ulrich, B., Norman, L., Dittus, R. (2005). Is the shortage of hospital registered nurses getting better or worse? Findings from two recent national surveys of RNs. Nursing Economics, 23: 61-71, 96.
Benner, P. (1984). From Novice to Expert: Excellence and Power in Clinical Nursing Practice. Addison Wesley Publishing, New York.
Berens, M. (2000). Nursing mistakes kill, injure thousands: cost-cutting exacts toll on patients, hospital staffs. Chicago, IL: Chicago Tribune
Bontis, N. (2002). The rising star of the Chief Knowledge Officer, Ivey Business Journal, 66: 20-25.
Bosman, R., Rood, E., Oudemans-van Straaten, H., Van der Spoel, J., Wester, J. & Zandstra, D. (2003). Intensive care information system reduces documentation time of the nurses after cardiothoracic surgery. Intensive Care Medicine, 29: 83- 90.
Bureau of Labor Statistics (1999). Number of work-related musculoskeletal disorders involving time away from work and median days away from work by occupation. Retrieved January 3, 2008, from
http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/osh/case/osnr0012.pdf
Bureau of Labor Statistics (1999). The part of the body affected, occupational injuries, and illnesses involving days away from work. Retrieved on February 22, 2008, from http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/osh/case/osnr0021.pdf
Carter, B. & Axford, R. (1993). Assessment of computer learning needs and priorities of registered nurses practicing in hospitals. Computers in Nursing, 11 122-126. Charatan, F. (2000). Clinton acts to reduce medical mistakes. British Medical Journal,
320: 597.
Connors, H., Weaver, C., Warren, J. & Miller, K. (2002). An academic-business partnership for advancing clinical informatics. Nursing Education Perspectives. 23: 228-233.
Covey, S. (2003). Knowledge workers in the dark. Chief Learning Officer, 2: 13. Cronenwett, L., Sherwood, G., Barnsteiner, J., Disch, J., Johnson, J., Mitchell, P., Sullivan, D. & Warren, J. (2007). Quality and Safety Education for Nurses. Nursing Outlook, 55: 122- 131.
Davis, F. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. Management Information Systems Quarterly, 13: 319- 340.
Delong, D. & Fahey, L. (2000). Diagnosing cultural barriers to knowledge management. Academy of Management Executive, 14: 113-127.
Dennis, K., Sweeney, P., MacDonald, L. & Morse, N. (1993). Point of care technology: impact on people and paperwork. Nursing Economics, 11: 229-37, 248.
Dervin, B. (1999). Chaos, order, and Sense-Making: A proposed theory for information design. In R. Jacobson (Ed.), Information Design. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Division of Nursing (1978). Methods for Studying Nurse Staffing in a Patient Unit: A Manual to aid Hospitals in making use of Personnel. No (HRA) 78-3.
Washington, DC: U.S Government Printing Office.
Drucker, P. (1999). Knowledge worker productivity: The biggest challenge. California Management Review, 41: 79-94.
Drucker, P. (2001). The Essential Drucker: The Best of Sixty Years of Peter Drucker’s Essential Writings on Management. New York: Harper Business: 215.
Drury, C. (1995). Methods for direct observation of performance. In: Wilson, J., Corlett, E., eds. Evaluation of Human Work, 2nd Edition. London: Taylor & Francis pp. 45-68.
Englebardt, S. & Nelson, R. (2002). Health care informatics: An interdisciplinary approach. St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
Friese, C. (2005). Nurse practice environments and outcomes: implications for oncology nursing. Oncology Nursing Forum, 32: 765-772.
Garvin, D. (1993). Building a learning organization. Harvard Business Review, 71: 78- 91.
Goodin, H. (2003). The nursing shortage in the United States of America: an integrative review of the literature. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 43: 335-350.
Gosbee, J. (2002). Human factors engineering and patient safety. Quality & Safety in Health Care, 11: 352-354.
Halbesleben, J. & Rathert, C. (2008). The role of continuous quality improvement and psychological safety in predicting work-arounds, Healthcare Management Review, 33: 134-144.
Hammer, M. & Champy, J. (1993). Reengineering the Corporation: A Manifesto for Business Revolution. New York, NY: Harper-Business.
Havens, D. & Aiken, L. (1999). Shaping systems to promote desired outcomes: The magnet hospital model. Journal of Nursing Administration, 29: 14-20. Hebert, M. (2000). A national educational strategy to develop nursing informatics
competencies. Canadian Journal of Nursing Leadership, 13: 11-14.
Hendrickson, G., Doddato, T. & Kovner, C. (1990). How do nurses use their time? Journal of Nursing Administration, 20: 31-37.
Hilz, L. (2000). The informatics nurse specialist as change agent: Application of innovation- diffusion theory. Computers in Nursing, 18: 272-278.
Holden, J. (2006). How can we improve the nursing work environment? American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing, 31: 34-38.
Hunt, E., Sproat, S. & Kitzmiller, R. (2004). The Nursing Informatics Implementation Guide. New York, NY: Springer.
Hyman,W. (1994). Errors in the use of medical equipment. In: Bogner, M., ed. Human
Factors in Medicine. Hilldale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Institute of Medicine. (1999). To Err is Human: a Safer Health System. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Institute of Medicine (2001). Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Institute of Medicine (2003). Health Professions Education: A Bridge to Quality. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Institute of Medicine. (2004). Keeping Patients Safe: Transforming the Work Environment of Nurses. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Jensen, T. & Aanestad, M. (2007). How healthcare professionals “make sense” of an electronic patient record adoption. Information Systems Management, 24: 29-42. Johnson, C., Johnson, T. & Zhang, J. (2005). A user-centered framework for redesigning
healthcare interfaces. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 38: 75-87
Jones, C. (2005). The cost of nurse turnover, part 2: Application of the Nursing Turnover Cost Calculation Methodology. Journal of Nursing Administration, 35: 41-49. Kaplan, B. (2000). Culture counts: How institutional values affect computer use. M.D.
Kerfot, K. (2007). Beyond busyness: Creating slack in the organization. Nursing Economics, 16: 61-63.
Koshy, R. (2005). Navigating the information technology highway: computer solutions to reduce errors and enhance patient safety. Transfusion, 45: 189S-205S.
Lake, E. (2002 a). Development of the practice environment scale of the nursing work index. Research in Nursing and Health, 25: 176-188.
Laschinger, H. & Havens, D. (1996). Staff nurse work empowerment and perceived control over nursing practice: Conditions for work effectiveness. Journal of Nursing Administration, 26: 27-35.
Leape, L. & Berwick, D. (2005). Five Years after To Err is Human: What have we learned? Journal of the American Medical Association, 293: 2384-2390. Lee, T. (2004). Nurses’ Adoption of Technology: Application of Rogers’ Innovation-
Diffusion Model. Applied Nursing Research. 17: 231-238.
Lorenzi, N. & Riley, R. (1995). Organizational Aspects of Health Informatics; Managing Technological Change. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
Lorenzi, N. & Riley, R. (2000). Managing change: An overview. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 7: 116-124.
Lui, J., Pothiban, L., Zhuoren, L & Khamphonsiri, T. (2000). Computer knowledge, attitudes, and skills of nurses in People’s Hospital of Beijing Medical University. Computers in Nursing, 18: 197-206.
McCannon, M. & O’Neal, P. (2003). Results of a national survey indicating information technology skills needed by nurses at time of entry into the work force. Journal of Nursing Education, 42: 337-340.
McClure, M., Poulin, M., Stovie, M. & Wandelt, M. (1983). Magnet hospitals: Attraction and retention of professional nurses. American Academy of Nursing Task Force on Nursing Practice in Hospitals. Kansas City, MO: American Nurses
Association.
McNeil, B., Elfrink, V., Pierce, S., Beyea, S., Bickford, C., & Averill, C. (2005). Nursing informatics knowledge and competencies: A national survey of nursing education programs in the United States. International Journal of Medical Informatics. 74: 1021- 1030.
Miller & Arquiza (1999). Improving computer skills to support hospital restructuring. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 13: 44-56.
Minda, S. & Brundage, D. (1994). Time differences in handwritten and computer documentation of nursing assessment. Computers in Nursing, 12: 277-279. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (1997). Elements of ergonomics
programs. A primer based on workplace evaluations of musculoskeletal disorders. Step 5: Developing controls. Retrieved on January 4, 2008, from
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/97-117/epstep5.html
Nielsen, K. & Trinkoff, A. (2003). Applying ergonomics to nurse computer workstations. Computers, Informatics, Nursing, 21: 150-157.
Ngin, P. Simms, L. & Erbin-Roesemann, M. (1993). Work excitement among computer users in nursing. Computers in Nursing, 11: 127-133.
Ngin, P. & Simms, L. (1996). Computer use for work accomplishment: A comparison between nurse managers and staff nurses. Journal of Nursing Administration, 26: 47-55.
Orlikowski, W. & Gash, D. (1994). Technological frames: Making sense of information technology in organizations. ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 12: 172- 201.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (2002). Ergonomics: Guidelines for nursing homes. Retrieved on March 1, 2008, from
http://www.osha.gov.ergonomics/guidelines/nursinghome/index.html.
Pabst, M., Scherubel, J. & Minnick, A. (1996). The impact of computerized documentation on nurses' use of time. Computers in Nursing, 14: 25-30. Parker, J. & Abbott, P. (2000). The new millennium brings nursing informatics into the
OR. Association of Perioperative Registered Nurses, 72: 1011-1017.
Patterson, E., Roth, E., Woods, D., Chow, R. & Gomes, J. (2004). Hand-off strategies in settings with high consequences for failure: Lessons for health care operations. International Journal of Quality in Health Care, 16: 125-132.
Pepitone, J. (2002). A case for humaneering. Institute for Industrial Engineers Solutions, 34: 39-44
Pickney, J. & Huels, D. (2007). An assessment of nursing staff readiness for electronic documentation. Unpublished manuscript.
Porter-O’Grady, T. (2001). Is Shared Governance Still Relevant? Journal of Nursing Administration, 31(10): 468-473
Potter, P., Wolf, L., Boxerman, S., Grayson, D., Sledge, J., Dunagan, C. & Evanoff, B. (2005). An analysis of nurses’ cognitive work: A new perspective for
understanding medical errors. Advances in Patient Safety, 1: 39-51
Prasad, P. (1993). Symbolic processes in the implementation of technological change: A symbolic interactionist study of work computerization, Academy of Management Journal, 36: 1400-1426.
Prescott, Phillips, Ryan & Thompson. (1991). Changing how nurses spend their time. Image, 23: 23-28.
Reason, J. (1990). Human Error. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Robbins, S. (2005). What is Organizational Behavior? In: Organizational Behavior. 11th Ed. Upper Saddle, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Rogers, M., Patterson, E., Chapman, R. & Render, M. (2005). Usability testing and the relation of clinical information systems to patient safety. Advances in Patient Safety, 2: 365-378.
Sabo, A. (1999). Electronic medical record in the intensive care unit. Critical Care Clinics, 15: 499-522.
Schwirian, P. M., & Moloney, M. M. (1998). Professionalization of nursing: Current issues and trends (3rd Ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott.
Senders, J. (1994). Medical devices, medical errors, and medical accidents. In: Bogner, M., ed. Human Error in Medicine. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Shneiderman, B. (1998). Designing the User Interface. Strategies for effective human-
computer interaction. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Seligman, L. (2006). Sensemaking throughout adoption and the innovation-decision process. European Journal of Innovation Management, 9: 108-120.
Senge, P., Kleiner, A., Roberts, C., Ross, R. & Smith, B. (1994). The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook. New York, NY: Doubleday.
Simpson, R. (2007) Information technology: Building nursing intellectual capital for the information age. Nurse Administration Quarterly, 31:84-88.
Smith, E. (2006). Staff development through a patient safety lens. Journal for Nurses in Staff Development, 51: 210- 211.
Smith, K., Smith, V., Krugman, M. & Oman, K. (2005). Evaluating the impact of computerized clinical documentation. Computers, Informatics, Nursing, 23: 132- 138.
Snyder-Halpern, R. (1999). Assessing health care setting readiness for point of care computerized clinical decision support system innovations. Outcomes Management for Nursing Practice, 3: 118-127.
practice environments supporting the knowledge work of nurses. Computers in
Nursing, 19: 17-26.
Snyder, R. & Fields, W. (2006). Measuring hospital readiness for information
technology (IT) innovation: A multi-site study of the Organizational Information Technology Innovation Readiness Scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 14: 45-55.
Solomon, P. (1997a). Discovering information behavior in Sense making. I. Time and timing. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 48: 1097- 1108. Solomon, P. (1997b). Discovering information behavior in Sense making. II. The Social.
Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 48: 1109- 1126. Solomon, P. (1997c). Discovering information behavior in Sense making. III. The
Person. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 48: 1027- 1138. Sorrell-Jones, J & Weaver, D. (1999). Knowledge workers and knowledge-intense
organizations, Part 1: A promising framework for nursing and healthcare. Journal of Nursing Administration, 29: 12-18.
Staggers, N., Gassert, C., & Curran, C. (2002). A Delphi study to determine informatics competencies for nurses at four levels of practice. Nursing Research, 51: 383- 390.
Staggers, N., Gassert, C., & Skiba, D. (2000). Health professionals’ views of informatics education: Findings from the AMIA 1999 Spring Conference. Journal of the Medical Informatics Association. 7: 550-558.
Thede, L. (2003). Informatics and Nursing: Opportunities & Challenges, 2nd Ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott.
Thomas, E., Sherwood, G. & Helmrich, R. (2003). Lessons from aviation: Teamwork to improve patient safey. Nursing Economics, 21: 241-243.
TIGER (2006). The TIGER Initiative. Retrieved March 22, 2008, from
http://www.umbc.edu/tiger/index.html
Tucker, A. (2004). The impact of operational failures on hospital nurses and their patients. Journal of Operations Management, 22: 151-169.
Tucker, A. & Edmondson, A. (2002). Managing routine exceptions: A model of nurse problem solving behavior. Advances in Health Care Management, 3: 87-113. Ulrich, B., Bauerhaus, P., Donelan, K., Norman, L., Dittus, R. (2005). How RNs view the
work environment. Journal of Nursing Administration, 35: 389-396.
Wachter, R. (2004). The end of the beginning: Patient safety five years after ‘To Err Is Human’. Quality of Care. W4:534-545.
Weick, K. (1995). Sensemaking in Organizations. London, UK: Sage Publications. Weick, K., Sutcliffe, K. & Obstfeld, D. (2005). Organizing and the process of
sensemaking. Organization Science, 16: 409-421.
Windsor, J. (2006). Nursing and knowledge work: issues regarding workload measurement and the informatics nurse specialist. Journal of Healthcare Information Management, 20: 54-59.
Wong, D., Gallegos, Y., Weinger, M., Clack, S., Slagle, J. & Anderson, C. (2003). Changes in intensive care unit nurse task activity after installation of a third- generation intensive care unit information system. Critical Care Medicine, 31: 2488-2494.
Zecevic, A., Miller, D. & Harburn, K. (2000). An evaluation of the ergonomics of three computer keyboards. Ergonomics, 43: 55-72.