Chapter 3: Forcing and Avoiding change. Exploring change and continuity in
5. Conclusions
This article shows that to enforce planning acts at local level, one of the crucial element is the legitimacy that upper governmental levels (national or regional) have. In Galicia, where land planning has not had a long tradition, the regional government has difficulties to legitimate its decisions. In the Netherlands it is the other way around. National government is legitimated, and legitimation could be considered a cultural characteristic. In this way, the Dutch national government can enforce a new Spatial Planning Act through a sanction. It should be noted that municipalities accepted that they would be sanctioned, even if they were happy with the former act. To enforce laws, and particularly planning acts, governments have to become credible.
With regard to the sources of continuity, the institutional literature does not fully cover all sources of continuity that may appear during the process of adoption of an act. This is so because almost all institutional literature, ranging from more positivist position to the more constructivist one, is quite reluctant to include in its analysis concepts like economic interests. In both cases, economic interests play a role to understand resistance to change. In the Dutch case, self-interest of the municipalities is aligned with the achievement of public goals. In the Galician case, economic interest of both municipalities and landowners are aligned with rent seeking. However, it is difficult to know if this occurs because rent seeking is hampering planning implementation or if it is because there is not a strong and legitimated government. This conclusion may be somehow striking for specially for neo-institutional economists. For scholars like Coase or Williamson, institutions are devices of the economic interest in reducing transaction costs and create more efficient markets. For Galician and Dutch municipalities, either institutions represent ways of maintaining certain levels of revenues and control, or they represent an attack to selfish land-owners and a political cost for local governments. In both cases there is an economic interest at stake, but this economic interest does differs from economic interest that according neo-institutional theory economic agents should have.
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