As th e main co n clu sio n o f t h i s d is s e r t a t io n i t is p o s s ib le to say t h a t f o r d e v e lo p in g c o u n trie s t h a t have r a t i f i e d IMO Conventions f o r s a f e t y and p re v e n tio n o f p o l l u t i o n , and nowadays a re concen t r a t i n g t h e i r e f f o r t s on im plem enting what th e y have in tro d u c e d o r perhaps have a lre a d y implemented t h e i r f l a g and p o rt s t a t e c o n tro l acc o rd in g to th e SOLAS and Load L in e Conventions t h a t came in t o fo rc e some y e a rs ago. Now w ith th e coming in t o fo r c e o f M^RPOL 7 3 /7 8 Convention on 02 O c to b e r, 1983 t h a t has stro n g focus on c o n s tru c tio n and equipment and has e q u a lly im p o rta n t emphasis on th e l i m i t a t i o n o f o p e ra tio n a l d is c h a rg e s o f o i l and harm ful sub stances in to th e sea i t w i l l be a c h a lle n g e f o r d e v e lo p in g coun t r i e s to update t h e i r systems o f P o rt S ta te c o n tro l acco rd in g th e req u irem en ts o f MARPOL 7 3 /7 8 Convention and a ls o enforcem ent o f MARPOL's o p e ra tio n a l re q u ire m e n ts . W ith th e o b je c t iv e to p re v e n t t h a t substandard fo r e ig n ships a r r iv e to t h e i r p o rts o r c o a s ta l w aters and p o llu t e t h e i r w aters w ith c h ro n ic d is ch a rg e s o f o i l o r harm ful substances o r e f f lu e n t s c o n ta in in g such s u b stan ces, o r a m artim e a c c id e n t o f c o n s id e ra b le dim ension w ith p o llu t io n o f g re a t areas o f th e c o a s ta l sea as a consequence o f a b ig s p i l l occur and a f f e c t in g th e f is h e r y and t o u r i s t in d u s tr y .
W ith re sp e c t to th e c o n tro l o f ships and d is ch a rg e s under MARPOL 7 3 /7 8 , IMO has developed c o n tro l procedures f o r P o rt S ta te c o n tro l (IMO r e s o lu tio n A . 5 4 2 ( 1 3 ) ) . These procedures deal w ith in s p e c t io n / c o n tro l o f :
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- r e le v a n t c e r t i f i c a t e s
- o p e ra tio n a l d is ch a rg e s f o r lo a d in g /d is c h a r g in g and COW.'
T h is IMO r e s o lu tio n w ith re s p e c t to th e c o n tro l o f ships and d is charges under MARPOL 7 3 /7 8 s ta te d t h a t b rin g s to g e th e r th e p r o v i sio ns t h a t MARPOL 7 3 /7 8 in c lu d e s f o r S ta te s o th e r than f l a g s ta te s (p o r t and c o a s ta l s t a t e s ) to e x e rc is e c o n tro l o v er fo r e ig n ships v i s i t i n g p o rts o r o ffs h o re te r m in a ls under t h e i r j u r i s d i c t i o n and g u id e lin e s , supplem entary to th e s e p r o v is io n s , on s p e c if ic c o n tro l procedures developed by th e O rg a n iz a tio n .
In consequence d e v e lo p in g c o u n trie s t h a t have r a t i f i e d MARPOL 7 3 /7 8 b esid es th e im p lem en tatio n and enforcem ent o f th e o b lig a t io n as a p o rt s t a t e must a ls o make th e im p lem en tatio n and enforcem ent as a c o a s ta l s t a t e (c o a s ta l s t a te c o n t r o l ) and f o r t h i s w i l l r e q u ire an o ffs h o re s u r v e illa n c e f o r th e enforcem ent o f MARPOL's o p e r a t io nal req u irem en ts ( v i o l a t i o n s ) . Thus th e IMO r e s o lu tio n above nten- tio n e d (R e s . A . 5 4 2 (1 3 )) s ta te d t h a t "The purpose o f th e s e g u i d e l i nes is to a s s is t P a r tie s to e x e r c is e e f f e c t i v e P o rt and C oastal S ta te c o n tro l and th e re b y c o n tr ib u te tow ards th e a tta in m e n t o f th e o b je c t iv e s o f MARPOL 7 3 /7 8 .
The U nited N ations Conference on th e Law o f th e Sea in t h e i r a r t i c le 211 ( p o llu t io n from v e s s e ls ) s ta te d a ls o th e r ig h t s f o r P ort S ta te s and Coastal S ta te s f o r th e p re v e n tio n o f p o llu t io n from fo r e ig n ves s els in w aters o f - t h e i r j u r i s d i c t i o n .
A lso as a c o n clu sio n i t is p o s s ib le to say t h a t th e main o b je c t iv e o f IMO f o r "S afe ships and c le a n seas" w i l l not be reached o n ly w ith an a p p ro p ria te im p lem en tatio n and enforcem ent o f a l l th e o b l i g a tio n s t h a t a c o n tr a c tin g government assumes as a F la g S ta te
&
w ith o u t th e im p lem en tatio n and enforcem ent o f th e complementary p a r t as a P o rt S ta te and t h a t s a fe ty a t sea and freedom from p o l l u t i o n cannot be ach ieved s o le ly by s ig n in g in t e r n a t io n a l conven t i o n s . I t is a necessary and a p p ro p ria te im p lem e n ta tio n o f th e F lag S ta te c o n tro l and th e P ort S ta te c o n tro l in o rd e r t o e n fo rc e th e in t e r n a t io n a l co n ven tio n s both on our ships and on th e ships o f o th e r n a tio n s v i s i t i n g our own p o r t s , re g a rd le s s o f w hether t h e i r f l a g s t a t e i s a p a r ty to th e s e in t e r n a t io n a l c o n v e n tio n s .
I t is im p o rta n t a ls o t o s a y , t h a t th e m a ritim e a u t h o r i t i e s o f deve lo p in g c o u n trie s should make re g io n a l agreements on P o rt S ta te c o n tro l in each re g io n in o rd e r to c o o rd in a te t h e i r e f f o r t s on P ort S ta te c o n t r o l , avo id waste o f personnel and re s o u rc e s , t o g iv e to th e P o rt S ta te c o n tro l a b e t t e r dynamic in each r e g io n , to have h a rm o n isa tio n and c o o p e ra tio n in a la r g e g eo g rap h ic a l a r e a , because p o rt s t a t e enforcem ent o f stan d ard s should no t be done on a u n i l a - t e r i a l b a s is as s h ip p in g is in t e r n a t io n a l and should be d e a lt w ith on an in t e r n a t io n a l b a s is .
W ith re s p e c t to th e STCW t h a t came in t o fo rc e on A p r il 2 8 , 1984 th e d e ve lo p in g c o u n trie s t h a t have r a t i f i e d t h i s co n ven tio n w i l l a ls o need to update t h e i r P o rt S ta te c o n tro l a cc o rd in g to t h i s conven t io n and ta k e in t o c o n s id e ra tio n t h a t a g re a t s h ip 's c a s u a lt ie s a re caused by human e r r o r , r a t h e r than by c o n s tr u c tio n a l im p e rfe c tio n s o r d e f ic ie n c ie s in s a fe ty equipm ent.
I t is necessary f o r d e v e lo p in g c o u n trie s in o rd e r to update t h e i r P o rt S ta te c o n tro l th e r a t i f i c a t i o n o f th e IMO in t e r n a t io n a l con v e n tio n s t h a t s ta te d th e P o rt S ta te c o n tro l and which a r e :
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- The In t e r n a t io n a l Convention on Load Lines 1966
- The In t e r n a t io n a l Convention f o r th e S a fe ty o f L i f e a t Sea 1974 (SOLAS)
- The In t e r n a t io n a l Convention f o r th e P re v e n tio n o f P o llu t io n from Ships 1973, as m o d ifie d by th e P ro to co l 1978 r e la t i n g th e r e t o - The In t e r n a t io n a l Convention on S tandards o f T r a in in g , C e r t i f i c a
t io n and Watchkeeping f o r S e a fa re rs - STCW 1978.
And th e in c o r p o r a tio n o f th e s e co n ven tio n s in t h e i r N a tio n a l M a ri tim e S a fe ty L e g is la t io n , i t is a ls o necessary t o in c o rp o ra te ^ th e R e s o lu tio n s t h a t IMO has developed about th e c o n tro l procedures f o r P o rt S ta te c o n tro l and which a r e :
- R e s o lu tio n A .4 6 6 ( X I I ) adopted on 19 November 1981 "Procedures f o r th e C o n tro l o f Ships"
- R e s o lu tio n A ,4 8 1 ( X I I ) adopted on 19 November 1981 . " P r in c ip le s o f S afe Manning"
- R e s o lu tio n A ,5 4 2 (1 3 ) adopted on 17 November 1983
"Procedures f o r th e C o n tro l o f Ships and D ischarges under Annex I o f th e In t e r n a t io n a l Convention f o r th e P re v e n tio n o f P o llu t io n from S h ip s , 1973, as m o d ifie d by th e P ro to co l o f 1978 r e l a t i n g t h e r e t o " .
W ith re s p e c t to th e problem about personnel (s u rv e y o rs ) f o r P o rt S ta te c o n tro l and a f t e r th e a n a ly s is o f th e European and th e USA P o rt S ta te c o n tr o ls and a ls o what is s a id by Dr J Cowley: " In gene r a l , i t may be s a id t h a t P o rt S ta te in s p e c tio n s a re n o rm a lly p e r formed by Government surveyors and g en eral in s p e c tio n s a re e i t h e r
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perform ed by Government su rveyo rs o r by p r iv a t e o rg a n is a tio n s (o th e r than C la s s if ic a t io n S o c ie t ie s ) o r in d iv id u a l surveyors a p p o in ted by th e A d m in is tr a t io n . S ta tu to r y surveys a re alm ost in v a r i a b l y d e a lt w ith by e i t h e r Government surveyors o r by su rveyo rs o f th e C la s s if ic a t io n S o c ie tie s (who ' c l a s s ' ships f o r in s u ran c e p u r