Bifacial toolmaking based both on façonnageand debitage does not mark a distinct technological tradition that, supposedly, extended from the Lower to the Upper Palaeolithic. We cannot, therefore, interpret the leaf points that appear in the Middle Palaeolithic as the result of the evolution of an Acheulian bifacial tradition.The oldest leaf points in Europe occur outside the range of the Acheulian, in the context of Levallois industries. In the Middle Palaeolithic, leaf points are found both in the east-central European Micoquian and in the Levallois Mousterian of southeastern Europe. The Micoquian bifacial tradition continued in transitional industries (Altmühlian, Szeletian, Streletskian), which evolved in the direction of the Upper Palaeolithic, whereas the Mousterian leaf point tradition vanished at the end of the Middle Palaeolithic.To sum up: leaf points appeared in a number of unrelated episodes in several regions.They are not a marker for a distinctive technology that developed from “mode 2” industries.
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The variability in laurel leaf point morphology and the shaping and sharpening tech- niques utilized on them are examined. Both intra- and inter-regional Solutrean group differences are studied, using data obtained from recent excavation projects in Central France and Portugal. Models are proposed to explain similarities and disparities in the production, function, and discard of laurel leaf points at a regional level in the two study areas.
L
ithic industries from southeastern Europe, which contain foliated points and which have been associated by radiometric dates to the Last Glacial Maximum, are exam- ined. Archaeological research on the Solutrean techno-complex has been privileg- ing caves and shelters in sedimentary regions where settlements are easier to detect for a long time. It is only in the past decade that this bias has been overcome and more sys- tematic survey and excavation projects undertaken, which have looked for open air Solutrean settlements (Vialou and Vilhena-Vialou 1990; Rasilla Vives 1994; Aubry 1998).The archaeological sample studied in this chapter consists of lithic assemblages recovered from the Solutrean levels of sites located on the extremities of the Solutrean techno-complex site distribution area in southwest Europe and which appear to belong to two different regional groups.Although the quality and quantity of chronological infor- mation available for these two groups is uneven, all the radiometric dates fall within the Last Glacial Maximum (Zilhão 1997; Rasilla Vives and Rodríguez 1994; Strauss 1983; Duarte et al. 1999).
The northern group, located on the southern margin of the Paris sedimentary basin at the border of the Massif Central, consists of five archaeological sites—Monthaud, exca- vated at the beginning of the century; Les Roches d’Abilly, excavated during the 1950’s, the Fritsch shelter, excavated during the 1980’s; and two ongoing excavations, Fressignes and Les Maitreaux—plus three isolated superficial finds (Figure 8.1). The only available radiometric date for Abri Fritsch, from level 8d at 19,180 B.P. (Gron - 5499), places it dur- ing the late Solutrean (Allain 1976). Similarities to lithic assemblages from sites on the southwest border of the Massif Central in Aquitaine, which have been radiocarbon dated,