Consensus input data .1 Basic data

Input data for the Jatropha curcas cultivation (both Irrigated and Rainfed scenarios), biodiesel production technological processes, and fuel and energy supply options have been collected, discussed and agreed during field research visit to India in November 2005 - March 2006 conducted in kind cooperation with the Centre for Sustainable Technologies (CST), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, as well as by scrutinizing a considerable number of secondary sources.

Of the country‟s total 142 million ha cultivated land, 57 million ha, 40% of the total, is irrigated and the remaining 85 million ha is rainfed. Irrigation expansion has been one of the three input-related driving factors (the other two being seeds of modern High Yielding Varieties and fertilizer) in the Green Revolution process. Gross irrigated area went up by over 300%, from 22.6 million ha in 1950-1951 to 57 million ha (gross irrigated area over 75.1 million ha) in 2000-2001, rendering India as the country having the largest irrigated area in the world. Additional 27 million ha intended to be brought under irrigation by the end of the XI Five-years Plan (2007-2012). The GOI‟s Task Force on Micro-irrigation (2003) had reported that almost 70 million ha can be brought under drip and sprinkler irrigation. The target is to cover 14 million ha by 2012. The ultimate irrigation potential for the country has been estimated at ~140 million ha (59 million ha through major and medium irrigation projects, 17 million ha through minor irrigation schemes and 64 million ha through groundwater development). So far, the irrigation potential of nearly 100 million ha has already been created, but only ~86 million hectares is being utilized, thus leaving a gap of 14 million ha between created and utilized potential. Numerous scientific studies on horticultural crops have shown that irrigation regime has a significant positive impact on both yield and quality of fruits. As if in recognition of this fact, agronomic experiments and field trials on Jatropha at institutions like the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University are being conducted under irrigated conditions. The main constraints appeared for irrigation growth include: a) poor quality of the system supplied to the farmers, b) unreliable and spurious spares and non-availability of standard parts, c) ignorance of the users regarding the maintenance and operation of the system, and d) non-availability and uncertainty of power/energy supply (GOI: 2007).

For the Irrigated scenario, the 6 kW electric waterpump powered by the diesel-generator is considered for the Jatropha plantation irrigation. It is assumed that this waterpump has 84%

efficiency and consumed 0.42 l of diesel per hour for 3 hours per day, 100 days per hectare

per annum (Bhatt: pers. comm.). Therefore, the total annual diesel (LHV 42.65 GJ/t) requirement for plantation calculated as 4.51 GJ/ha/yr (Table 3.26).

Table 3.26: Diesel for irrigation. Irrigated scenario

Case Basic Energy Inputs

B1. Jatropha trees planting Diesel for cultivation

Consumption GJ ha^-1a^-1 4.51

Credit for use of set-aside GJ ha^-1 0.0

Total primary energy GJp ha^-1 5.23

Total GHG emissions kgCO2 ha^-1 402.92

In Irrigated scenario the capsulate yield of 7.5 t/ha of Jatropha oilseed collected of which 5.2 t/ha of oilseed or 4.13 t/ha of kernel supplied to the oil extraction and trans/esterification plant. Overall, 1.52 t/ha of biodiesel can be produced, which corresponds to the 3.28 tonnes of oilseeds per tonne of biodiesel. In addition, 2.33 tonnes of fruits hulls (husk and coat), 1.1 tonnes seed shells and 4.0 tonnes of dry pruning material produced per hectare (Table 3.27).

Agro-ecologically and socio-economically, rainfed (rain-dependent) areas are very different from irrigated areas. Accounting for 60% of the country‟s cultivated acreage, their developmental complexities, challenges and potential notwithstanding, rainfed areas have suffered neglect in the past in having not received differentiated technological, institutional, infrastructural and investment support. Based on agro-ecologically and socio-economically differentiated integrated farming system approach, the Working Group on Natural Resources Management (2007) identified three categories of areas, namely, those receiving rainfall of less than 500 mm; those receiving 700-1,100 mm; and those receiving more than 1,100 mm per year. Thus, Kesava Rao, et. al. (ICRISAT: 2008. Activity 9.1.2.9) say that in Karnataka State watersheds in Dharwad and Haveri districts are under hot dry sub humid type, while those in the Tumkur taluk in Tumkur district, Chitradurga and Kolar districts fall under hot moist semi-arid type.

Table 3.27: Farming data. Jatropha to biodiesel pathway (Irrigated. 1,111 trees/ha)

Pavagada in Tumkur district experiences typical hot arid conditions. Wide variation in the agroclimatic potential across the watersheds is observed. Watersheds in Dharwad and Haveri districts receive a seasonal rainfall of ~500-600 mm. Bimodal rainfall distribution is observed; the first peak occurs from mid-July to 1st week of August and the second peak during mid of September to middle of October. Uni-model distribution of rainfall is seen in other watersheds.

Watersheds in Kolar areas of Tumkur and Chitradurga districts have a seasonal rainfall of

~500-670 mm with one peak of rainfall occurring during middle of September to end of October. Parts of Chitradurga district and Pavagada area in Tumkur district have a seasonal rainfall of ~400-500 mm with one peak of rainfall occurring during middle of September to end of October (Ibid.).

Detailed rainfall data for all Karnataka State districts can be found at the Action Plan for Greening of Wastelands Through Biofuel Plantations in Karnataka published by SuTRA, IISc, Bangalore (Sarvesh, et. al.: 2004).

Yield t/ha LHV GJ/t

Harvested Jatropha fruits (whole fresh fruit) 12.8

Whole fruit (dry) (whole nut) 7.5 21.5

Jatropha oilseed 5.2 25.5

Jatropha fruit hulls (husk, coat) 2.33 10.9

Jatropha seed shells 1.1 19.0

KOH - Potassium Hydroxide (High temperature catalyst) 0.0103 43.3

NaOCH3, 30% in MeOH - Sodium Methylate (Low temperature catalyst) 0.021 12.62

H2SO4 - Sulphuric Acid(mineral acid) 0.006 -2.43

H3PO4 - Phosphoric Acid 0.0029 6.87

N2 - Gaseous Nitrogen 0.018 1.2

K2SO4 - Potassium Sulphate 0.011 5.0

Water for the process (circulation) 55.0

Press-cake (seed-cake) 2.23 25.1

Crude glycerine 0.112 18.05

Pharma-grade glycerine 0.095 17.0

Biogas (press-cake used for biogas production) 0.99 23.6

Producer gas (pruning material and hulls gasification) 12.1 5.2

change. High natural resource fragility and risk, low and highly oscillating productivity, production, and farmers‟ income, poor investment and capital formation, high vulnerability and volatility of product markets, poor access to credit, insurance and markets, and higher concentration of poverty and hunger are characteristic features of the rainfed areas.

Accounting for 60% of the country‟s cultivated acreage, their developmental complexities, challenges and potential notwithstanding, rainfed areas have suffered neglect in the past in having not received differentiated technological, institutional, infrastructural and investment support (GOI: 2007).

In Rainfed scenario the capsulate yield of 5.3 t/ha of Jatropha fruits collected of which 3.45 t/ha of oilseed or 2.9 t/ha of kernel supplied to the oil extraction and trans/esterification plant. Overall, 0.95 t/ha of biodiesel can be produced, which corresponds to the 3.28 tonnes of oilseeds per tonne of biodiesel. In addition, 1.9 tonnes of fruits hulls (husk and coat), 0.5 tonnes seed shells and 0.8 tonnes of dry pruning material produced per hectare (Table 3.28).

Table 3.28: Farming data. Jatropha to biodiesel pathway (Rainfed. 2,500 trees/ha)

Note:

Connor & Hernandez (2009) reported the following energy content values (per unit dry mass):

a) sugars, cellulose, and hemicelluloses - 14-16 GJ/t;

b) vegetative biomass - 17 GJ/t;

c) proteins and lignin - 25 GJ/t, and d) fats and oils - 38-41 GJ/t

Yield t/ha LHV GJ/t

Harvested Jatropha fruits (whole fresh fruit) 12.8

Whole fruit (dry) 5.3 21.5

Jatropha oilseed 3.45 25.5

Jatropha fruit hulls (husk, coat) 1.9 10.9

Jatropha seed shells 0.5 19.0

Kernel 2.9 29.8

Green prune material 2.0 8.2

Prune material (dry) 0.8 16.0

KOH - Potassium Hydroxide (High temperature catalyst) 0.0103 43.3

NaOCH3, 30% in MeOH - Sodium Methylate (Low temperature catalyst) 0.021 12.62

H2SO4 - Sulphuric Acid(mineral acid) 0.006 -2.43

H3PO4 - Phosphoric Acid 0.0029 6.87

N2 - Gaseous Nitrogen 0.018 1.2

K2SO4 - Potassium Sulphate 0.011 5.0

Water for the process (circulation) 55.0

Press-cake (seed-cake) 2.23 25.1

Crude glycerine 0.125 18.05

Pharma-grade glycerine 0.095 17.0

Biogas (press-cake used for biogas production) 0.99 23.6

Producer gas (pruning material and hulls gasification) 8.37 5.2

The energy used in the production for diesel (used as a reference fuel), High Speed Diesel (used as a transport fuel), gasoline (used in real Indian conditions very rarely for agricultural machinery), Natural Gas, Oil, Fuel oil, Non-cocking coal and Lignite (used as a fuel in transesterification plant) is reflected in the Primary Energy Factors of 1.16, 1.16, 1.14, 1.03, 1.01, 1.01, 1.01, and 1.01 respectively (Bhatt: pers. comm.) and are based on Indian average (Table 3.31). Similar numbers are shown for electricity at the same Table. These figures reveal an All-India average, or average for Karnataka State (Bhatt: pers. comm.).

At present for energy production in India the following fuels are commonly used: a) Non-coking, Sub-bituminous Coal (Grade E and Grade F) (Tables 3.29 & 3.30) and Lignite, b) C-Heavy Fuel Oil (Table 3.31), and c) Natural Gas. LNG (liquefied natural gas) or CNG (compressed natural gas) (Table 3.32) (Bhatt: pers. comm.).

The gradation of non-coking coal is based on Useful Heat Value (UHV) (Table 3.28).

UHV = 8900 - 138 (A+M)

where (A+M) is ash (%) + moisture (%) at 60% RH & 40^oC (Table 3.28).

Table 3.29: Grades of non-coking coal Grade Source: Indian Ministry of Coal website. Visited 25 May 2009

Coal, a fuel that typically produces higher emissions appears as a major source (55.4%) for energy production. Hardcoal extracted in India has a lower heating value (LHV) of 19.98-20.93 GJ/t. Other data as vary as 11.85 GJ/t (GEMIS 4.2), 24.18 GJ/t (India Initial National Communication to UNFCCC: 2004), 16.454 GJ/t (OECD/IEA: 1997-1998), 18.0 GJ/t (SimaPro 1.1).

(3.1)

The ash content of this coal is 23 wt% and the moisture content is estimated to be 10 wt%

(IPNGS: 1992; TEDDY: 1994 cited by Jungbluth: 1995). Hardcoal is used for power plants and has a relatively high ash content of 40 wt% and a moisture content of 10 wt%.

The LHV estimated at 11.8 GJ/t (Harant, et. al.: 1993; TEDDY: 1994 cited by Jungbluth:

1995). Imported coal has reported LHV values of 29.4 GJ/t and 25.5 GJ/t; with default value 19.841 GJ/t (OECD/IEA: 1997-1998).

Indian coals contain significant amounts of ash (40-50%) both as inherent and extraneous matter. Ash affects combustion, heat transfer, fluid flow and size reduction processes in the system. The effect of ash has been quantified.

The higher caloric value of coal (GJ/t) has been fitted to a curve as follows (Seethramu, et.

al.: 1992):