5 Conclusions
5.4 Contribution to Knowledge
This research provides several contributions to knowledge. These are in the application of the consensus technique to research, the understanding of the experiences of part‐time students, particularly within HRM, the mapping of the landscapes and constellations of practice experienced by these practitioner‐students, and the understanding of the approaches to learning created by the settings of these students. In this, it addresses the gaps in understanding of practitioner‐student
experience within HRM, offering both insight into the broad experience and a more detailed view of some of the implications this has for student approaches to learning.
The first of these contributions is the method used to undertake the first stage of the data collection, through the adaptation of the ICA consensus workshop technique. This offers an innovative
application of a technique, which whilst not designed for this purpose is suitable for use within IPA, and more widely within focus group data collections. In particular, the adaption of the technique to retain individual contributions enables it to provide the idiographic quality which makes focus groups less suitable for IPA (Smith, Flowers and Larkin, 2009), potentially overcoming issues of group speak and dominance (Bryman, 2012), thereby offering a resolution to this gap in the application of focus groups within IPA. Furthermore, the collaborative sorting and naming of the data by
participants is supportive of a power shift from the researcher to the participant, and of authentic interpretations of the data. These stages are similar to the stages of analysis within IPA (Smith and Osbourn, 2008; Smith, Flowers and Larkin, 2009), further strengthening the applicability of the technique to this particular approach.
The second contribution to knowledge is the insight this study provides, through the thematic analysis and the case vignettes, into the experiences of part‐time students, which is recognised as gap in knowledge. In particular, Theme One – Locating Part‐time Postgraduate Study in a Wider Personal Context, contributes understanding of the implications for practitioner‐students in negotiating the complex balances between time, work and personal commitments, and the
obligations to justify the commitment of resources including funding. These can be seen in all three themes, but are perhaps best captured in Figure 4.4 and the accompanying discussion. This resolves some of the recognised gap in understanding about such students, given that these issues are not well understood (Tobbell, O’Donnell and Zammit, 2008, 2010; Tobbell and O’Donnell, 2013; Morgan, 2015; Prince et al., 2015), due to the fragmentary nature of the literatures in these areas (i.e.
Callender, Hopkin and Wilkinson, 2010; Williams and Kane, 2010; Bruce 2010; McLinden, 2013;
Universities UK, 2013; Butcher, 2015 Dunne, 2016), and as such this research offers an insight into their interactions within a specific segment of the postgraduate market.
The third contribution is the illustration of how practice and academic communities within HRM are perceived, in particular in Theme Two – Locating Self in Landscapes of Practice and Constellations of Communities, but also in Figure 4.2 and the supporting discussions. This illustrates the recognised suggestions of gaps between the practice and academic communities (Rynes, Giluk and Brown, 2007; Guest 2007; Lawler, 2007; Deadrick and Gibson, 2007; Gilmore and Williams, 2007; Hallier and Summers, 2011; Tosey et al, 2014; Marchington, 2015). These are thought to be created in part by views of academics as not part of practice communities, but also by the divisions apparent between discourses, and this study contributes examples of how this is experienced by these practitioner‐
students. The research also significantly contributes to the understanding of HRM pedagogy, by illustrating how practitioner‐students experience postgraduate education, given the recognised dearth of studies into this (Coetzer and Sitlington, 2012; Zachmeier and Cho, 2014), emphasising the necessity of recognition and utilisation of experience within education (Coetzer and Sitlington, 2012;
Zachmeier and Cho, 2014; Cho and Zachmeier, 2015; Bailey, 2015; Butcher, 2015). In this it adds to HRM pedagogy by offering a pluralist view, arising from the epistemological and ontological position, which aligns to the academic HRM community but contrasts to the often unitary practice area. The research also contributes a further example of further of the interaction between practice and academic identity for students, expanding Hallier and Summers’ (2011) exploration of
undergraduate students into practice experienced postgraduate cohorts.
The fourth contribution is to the developing understanding of learning across academic and practice communities through both knowledgeability and trajectories, supporting to the emphasis on this within the third phase of communities of practice (Wenger‐Traynor and Wenger‐Traynor, 2015). It offers a conceptualisation of a particular constellation and landscape of practice, shown in Figure 4.2, while Figure 4.4 supports an understanding of how learning may occur across these (Gherardi
and Nicolini, 2002; Hughes, Jewson and Unwin, 2007; Mørk et al., 2008; Chen and Chuang, 2010;
Kislov, 2014), thereby filling the existing gaps. In addition, this study contributes to understanding of trajectories across such community boundaries, suggesting a development, in Figure4.3, of Fenton‐
O’Creevy et al.’s (2015a, 2015b) models, nuancing these from simple direct routes into more liminal engagements, illustrating these with the first example within HRM postgraduate student
communities. Whilst Wenger (1998, pp.246‐7) suggests that such ‘global understanding’ at the level of practice cannot be complete, these views offer insight and explication.
In this, the research also contributes an understanding of the complexities inherent in transferring experience and knowledge across boundaries and between positions of novice and expert (Crossan et al., 2003; James, 2007; Scott et al., 2014), most clearly found in Theme Three – Experiencing
Academic and Practice Boundaries. The study therefore also fills the recognised gaps in this
knowledge (e.g. Gherardie and Nicolini (2002; Hughes, Jewson and Unwin, 2007; Mørk et al., 2008;
Chen and Chuang, 2010; Kislov, 2014). The experiences documented in this study therefore also contribute an illustration of how the adoption of tourist or sojourner trajectories (Fenton‐O’Creevy et al., 2015a) across boundaries with disjointed practices is not straightforward. The research also
contributes by suggesting that far from such boundaries being ‘invisible’ to practitioner‐students, or significant in creating ‘productive’ identities, as Fenton‐O’Creevy et al. (2015b, p.151) suggest, the tensions and conflicts are only too apparent, and are the locations of significant difficulties.
A further contribution is to our understanding of how practitioner‐students manage the challenges of discourse adaption, and in the implications of part‐time study for practitioner‐students in relation to their approaches to learning. The three themes all contribute to the understanding of discourse across communities, expanding upon Northedge’s (2003a) exploration of this, and illustrating how power and knowledge can be experienced across such discourse boundaries (Lea, 2005; Lea and Street, 1998). In particular, within academic literacies, the models of adapting practice discourses to align into academic settings, in Figure 4.4 and associated discussion, provide details of how this can
occur for practitioner‐students, adding to Lea and Street’s (1998) suggestions regarding this approach.
Finally, the research also contributes to our understanding of student approaches to learning, emphasising the significance of presage and contextual factors in the development of deep, or otherwise, approaches. This is most clearly seen in Figure 4.4, and in the discussion leading up to this. As such it responds to the suggestions that deep approaches are required to engage with discourse (Northedge, 2003a) and are related to both less peripheral trajectories (Fenton‐O’Creevy et al., 2015a) and stronger student identities (Bluic et al., 2011; Platow et al., 2013; Smyth et al.,
2015), proposing that the presaging context of limited time resources, and obligations to succeed, creates approaches to learning which are strategically chosen, but costly to experience.
In summary therefore, this research contributes to knowledge by offering insight into the experiences of part‐time postgraduate students, closing the recognised gap in this area.
Furthermore, it nuances the views of how HRM practice and academic communities interact and are perceived, providing evidence of this in an area which has significant discussion, but little empirical evidence. It also contributes to the emerging third phase of CoP, illustrating one particular landscape of practice, an area in which very few examples exists. This in turn provides understanding of both how experience transfers within such landscapes, and how trajectories across these landscapes are experienced. In the former case, this is a recognised gap, whilst in the latter this research offers complexity to existing models. In addition to this, the research offers an understanding of how practitioner‐students manage academic writing processes, and how achieving this impacts on their approaches to learning. In both cases, this adds to existing bodies of knowledge by nuancing to a particular niche cohort of students. Finally, the methodology used offers a practical contribution by providing new approaches to focus groups within IPA, offering a technique that can fill this gap in application.