Human trafficking in all forms is devastating to all aspects of society as well as the individuals who are directly affected. A review of current research on this topic has revealed that there is still much work to be done, in order to develop programs that best focused on meet the needs of victims and prevent future incidences. Many different disciplines, including public health, are currently working towards developing and improving new and existing programs to comprehensively address the needs of trafficking victims. The information obtained from this formative evaluation will help to build upon the existing knowledge base of programs for domestic victims of human trafficking, and add to the current catalogue of programs for victims that provide job placement services. In addition, the information and recommendations from this evaluation can be used by Hire Hope and similar programs to strengthen implementation, and improve outcomes.
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REFERENCES
Cannon, A.C., Arcara, J., Arnoff, E., & Bloom, S.S. (2014). Trafficking in Persons and Health: A Compendium of Monitoring and Evaluation Indicators.
Clawson, H. J., & Goldblatt Grace, L. (2007). Finding a path to recovery: Residential faciLIties for minor victims of domestic sex trafficking. Retrieved from http://
aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/07/HumanTrafficking/ResFac/ib.htm#Residential
Clawson, H.J., Dutch, N., Solomon, A., & Goldblatt Grace, L. (2009). Human Trafficking Into and Within the United States: A Review of the Literature. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Dank, M., Khan, B., Downey, P.M., Kotonias, C., Mayer, D., Owens, C., Pacifici, L., & Yu, L. (2014). Estimating the Size and Structure of the Underground Commercial Sex Economy in Eight Major US Cities. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.
Estes , R. J. & Weiner, N.A. (2001) . The Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in the U.S., Canada and Mexico . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania School of Social Work, Center for the Study of Youth Policy . [Online].
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Gozdziak, E. M. & MacDonnell, M. (2007). Closing the gaps: The need to improve identification and services to child victims of trafficking. Society of Applied Anthropology, 66(2), 171-184). Hickle, K. E. & Roe-Sepowitz, D.E. (2014). Putting the Pieces Back Together: A Group
Intervention for Sexually Exploited Adolescent Girls. Social Work with Groups, 37, 99-133. doi: 10.1080/01609513.2013.823838
Hodge, D.R. (2014). Assisting Victims of Human Trafficking: Strategies to Facilitate
Identification, Exit from Trafficking, and the Restoration of Wellness. Social Work 59(2), 111- 118. doi: 10.1093/sw/swu002
Hom, K., & Woods, S. (2013). Trauma and its Aftermath for Commercially Sexually Exploited Women as Told by Front-Line Service Providers. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 34, 75-81, DOI: 10.3109/01612840.2012.723300
Hughes, D. (2007). Enslaved in the USA. Retrieved from http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=
ZDU0OGNlMDcwM2JmYjk0N2M0OTU4 NGVlMTBlMmEyMjI
Macias Konstantopoulos, W., Ahn, R., Alpert, E. J., Cafferty, E., McGahan, A., Williams, T. P., & ... Burke, T. F. (2013). An international comparative public health analysis of sex trafficking of women and girls in eight cities: achieving a more effective health sector response. Journal Of
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Urban Health: Bulletin Of The New York Academy Of Medicine, 90(6), 1194-1204. doi:10.1007/s11524-013-9837-4
Kotrla, K. (2010). Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking in the United States. Social Work, 55(2), 181-187.
Logan, T.K., Walker, R. & Hunt, G. (2009). Understanding Human Trafficking in the United States. Trauma Violence Abuse 10, 3-30. doi: 10.1177/152438008327262
Miko, F. T. (2000). Trafficking in Women and Children: The US and International response (Congressional Research Service Report 98-649C). Retrieved September 17, 2004, from http://usinfo.state.gov/topical/ global/traffic
Okech, D., Morreau, W., & Benson, K. (2011). Human trafficking: Improving victim identification and service provision. International Social Work, 55(4), 488-503. doi: 10.1177/0020872811425805
Palmquist, Mike. (2011). The Bedford Researcher: With 2009 MLA and 2010 APA Updates. Polaris Project. Human Trafficking, Overview. Retrieved from
http://www.polarisproject.org/human-trafficking/overview
Polaris Project. National Policy, Current Federal Laws. Retrieved from
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Polaris Project. National Policy, State Ratings on Human Trafficking Laws. Retrieved from
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Reichert, J. & Sylwestrzak, A. (2013). National survey of residential programs for victims of sex trafficking. Chicago, IL: The Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority.
Reid, J. (2010). Doors Wide Shut: Barriers to the Successful Delivery of Victim Services for Domestically Trafficked Minors in a Southern U.S. Metropolitan Area. Women & Criminal Justice 20, 146-166. doi: 10.1080/08974451003641206
Schauer, E., & Wheaton, E. (2006). Sex Trafficking Into The United States: A Literature Review. Criminal Justice Review, 31(2), 146-169. doi: 10.1177/0734016806290136
Shared Hope International. (2007). Domestic minor sex trafficking in America: Facts at a glance. Retrieved from http://www.sharedhope.org/what/DMST_Facts_ At_A_Glance.pdi
Shared Hope International. (2009). Domestic minor sex trafficking—Prostituted children in the United States: Identifying and responding to America's trafficked youth. Retrieved from
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Todres, J., Blackwell, B., Haberlen, M. (2014). Human Trafficking: Building Toward a Comprehensive Response. Georgia State University.
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Todres, J. (2011). Moving Upstream: The Merits of a Public Health Law Approach to Human Trafficking . North Carolina Law Review, Vol. 89, No. 2, p. 447, 2011; Georgia State University College of Law, Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2011-02. Available at SSRN:
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U.S. Department of Justice. (2004). Model state anti-trafficking criminal statute. Washington, DC: Author
U.S. Department of Justice .(2007). Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children: What Do We Know and What Can We Do about It? (NCJ Publication No. 215733) . Washington , DC : Office of Justice Program. Retrieved from http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/215733.pdf.
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Williamson, E., Dutch, N.M., & Clawson, H.J. (2008). National Symposium on the Health Needs of Human Trafficking Victims. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
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APPENDIX
Georgia State University School of Public Heath Informed Consent
Title: An Evaluation of Hire Hope: A Program Placing Victims of Trafficking and those At-Risk into Career Opportunities
Principal Investigator: Eric R. Wright, Ph.D. Student Investigator: Jennifer M. Koncul
Purpose: You are invited to participate in a research study. The purpose is to perform a program evaluation of Hire Hope which will provide useful information about the program and ultimately increase its effectiveness. You are invited to join because you have participated in the Hire Hope program and have completed the eight-week training phase. Participation will involve the
completion of an online questionnaire which should take no more than 20 minutes to complete. Procedures: If you decide to join, the study will require that you complete and submit an online survey. The survey link will be sent to your email address.
Risks: In this study, you will not have any more risks than you would in a normal day of life. Benefits: You may not benefit personally, but your participation will help to improve Hire Hope for future clients.
Voluntary Participation and Withdrawal: Participation in this research is voluntary. You do not have to be in this study. If you decide to be in the study and change your mind, you have the right to drop out at any time. You may skip questions or stop participating at any time. Confidentiality: We will keep your records private to the extent allowed by law. Eric Wright and Jennifer Koncul will have access to the information you provide. Information may also be shared with those who make sure the study is done correctly (GSU Institutional Review Board or the Office for Human Research Protection (OHRP). We will use a code with numbers rather than your name on study records. The information you provide will be stored electronically in Qualtrics under a protected username and password on a firewall-protected computer. The key for anonymity codes will be stored on a secure server and separate from the data to protect privacy. Your name and other facts that might point to you will not appear when we present this study or publish its results. The findings will be summarized and reported in group form. You will not be identified personally.
Contact Persons: Contact Eric Wright at 404-413-6527 or [email protected], or Jennifer Koncul at 912-663-0933 or [email protected] if you have any questions, concerns, or complaints about this study. You can also call if you think you have been harmed by the study. Call Susan Vogtner in the Georgia State University Office of Research Integrity at 404-413-3513 or [email protected] if you want to talk to someone who is not part of the study team. You can talk about questions, concerns, offer input, obtain information, or suggestions about the
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study. You can also call Susan Vogtner if you have questions or concerns about your rights in this study.
If you are willing to participate in this study, please click YES below. If you are not willing to participate, please click NO and the survey will end.
YES (1) NO (2)
If NO Is Selected, Then Skip To End of Survey Q1 What phase of Hire Hope have you completed? Classroom training (1)
Classroom training and apprenticeship (2)
Classroom training, apprenticeship, and job placement (3)
Q2 Do you currently live or have you ever been in a Residential program? Yes (1)
No (2)
Prefer not to answer (3)
If Prefer not to answer Is Selected, Then Skip To Please choose your race.If No Is Selected, Then Skip To Please choose your race.
Q3 Which Residential program?
Q4 How long were you in this Residential program? Q5 Please choose your race.
African-American (1) Caucasin (2)
Hispanic (3)
Native American (4) Other (5)
Q6 How old are you?
Q7 Hire Hope program activities were delivered as planned. Strongly Agree (1)
Agree (2)
Neither Agree nor Disagree (3) Disagree (4)
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Q8 Classroom activities and exercises at Hire Hope were appropriate given my level of education.
Strongly Agree (1) Agree (2)
Neither Agree nor Disagree (3) Disagree (4)
Strongly Disagree (5)
Q9 Hire Hope has helped me to develop a better understanding of my skills and abilities. Strongly Agree (1)
Agree (2)
Neither Agree nor Disagree (3) Disagree (4)
Strongly Disagree (5)
Q10 My feelings of preparedness for entering the corporate workplace have increased. Strongly Agree (1)
Agree (2)
Neither Agree nor Disagree (3) Disagree (4)
Strongly Disagree (5)
Q11 After attending Hire Hope, I now have a better understanding of myself. Strongly Agree (1)
Agree (2)
Neither Agree nor Disagree (3) Disagree (4)
Strongly Disagree (5)
Q12 The apprenticeship provided a learning opportunity. Strongly Agree (1)
Agree (2)
Neither Agree nor Disagree (3) Disagree (4)
Strongly Disagree (5) Does not apply (6)
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Q13 My apprenticeship placement was accurate given my skills and abilities. Strongly Agree (1)
Agree (2)
Neither Agree nor Disagree (3) Disagree (4)
Strongly Disagree (5)
Q14 The classroom modules in Hire Hope were successful in preparing me for my apprenticeship.
Strongly Agree (1) Agree (2)
Neither Agree nor Disagree (3) Disagree (4)
Strongly Disagree (5)
Q15 My job placement was accurate given my skills and abilities. Strongly Agree (1)
Agree (2)
Neither Agree nor Disagree (3) Disagree (4)
Strongly Disagree (5) Does not apply (6)
If Does not apply Is Selected, Then Skip To The weekly assigned homework helped m... Q16 The classroom modules in Hire Hope were successful in preparing me for my job placement.
Strongly Agree (1) Agree (2)
Neither Agree nor Disagree (3) Disagree (4)
Strongly Disagree (5)
Q17 The weekly assigned homework helped me to better understand each learning module. Strongly Agree (1)
Agree (2)
Neither Agree nor Disagree (3) Disagree (4)
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Q18 Hire Hope has helped me to formulate a direction for my future. Strongly Agree (1)
Agree (2)
Neither Agree nor Disagree (3) Disagree (4)
Strongly Disagree (5)
Q19 I feel equipped to develop a plan of action for my career path. Strongly Agree (1)
Agree (2)
Neither Agree nor Disagree (3) Disagree (4)
Strongly Disagree (5)
Q20 Compared to what I expected when I began Hire Hope, the learning experience has met or exceeded my expectations.
Strongly Agree (1) Agree (2)
Neither Agree nor Disagree (3) Disagree (4)
Strongly Disagree (5)
Q21 I now realize what I want for my future and the direction it is going. Strongly Agree (1)
Agree (2)
Neither Agree or Disagree (3) Disagree (4)
Strongly Disagree (5)
Q21 I can better identify my interests and create career goals related to my interests. Strongly Agree (1)
Agree (2)
Neither Agree or Disagree (3) Disagree (4)
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Q22 I have a better understanding of my personality type. Strongly Agree (1)
Agree (2)
Neither Agree nor Disagree (3) Disagree (4)
Strongly Disagree (5)
Q23 I am more aware of my personal strengths. Strongly Agree (1)
Agree (2)
Neither Agree nor Disagree (3) Disagree (4)
Strongly Disagree (5)
Q24 I know the steps I need to take in order to achieve my goals. Strongly Agree (1)
Agree (2)
Neither Agree nor Disagree (3) Disagree (4)
Strongly Disagree (5)
Q25 I have learned to use the resources available to me for continuing my education. Strongly Agree (1)
Agree (2)
Neither Agree nor Disagree (3) Disagree (4)
Strongly Disagree (5)
Q26 I have learned to use the resources available to me for finding job opportunities. Strongly Agree (1)
Agree (2)
Neither Agree or Disagree (3) Disagree (4)
Strongly Disagree (5)
Q27 I am confident that I can successfully complete tasks assigned by a potential employer. Strongly Agree (1)
Agree (2)
Neither Agree nor Disagree (3) Disagree (4)
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Q28 I am comfortable interviewing with potential employers. Strongly Agree (1)
Agree (2)
Neither Agree nor Disagree (3) Disagree (4)
Strongly Disagree (5)
Q29 I feel confident that I can create a direction for my future and follow through with it. Strongly Agree (1)
Agree (2)
Neither Agree nor Disagree (3) Disagree (4)
Strongly Disagree (5)
Q30 I am capable of fulfilling my commitments in the workplace. Strongly Agree (1)
Agree (2)
Neither Agree nor Disagree (3) Disagree (4)
Strongly Disagree (5)
Q31 If my career plan experiences a challenge, I am confident that I could successfully handle unexpected events.
Strongly Agree (1) Agree (2)
Neither Agree nor Disagree (3) Disagree (4)
Strongly Disagree (5)
Q32 The following questions will give you an opportunity to tell us more about your experience. Please answer openly and truthfully.
Q33 What parts of Hire Hope did you like best?
Q34 What areas of Hire Hope did you think could be improved?
Q35 Do you believe Hire Hope has given you the skills to accomplish the career you want to achieve? If not, what additional skills could the program have helped you develop?