The following persons had a major role in the production of this book, in contributing drafts of chapters and in subsequent revisions.
xxx CONTRIBUTORS
Anatoli Kamali
Deputy Director, MRC/Uganda Virus Research Institute Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
Dorcas M. Kamuya
Researcher in Ethics and Community Engagement, The Ethox Centre, University of Oxford, UK; and KEMRI–Wellcome Trust, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
Saidi Kapiga
Reader in Epidemiology and International Health, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
Juntra Karbwang Laothavorn
Professor and Head, Department of Clinical Product Development, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Japan
Jane Kengeya-Kayondo
Coordinator, Strategic Alliances, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
Irene Kuepfer
Scientist, Health Systems Research, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
Claudio F. Lanata
Senior Researcher, Instituto de Investigacion Nutricional, Lima, Peru; and US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Peru
Trudie Lang
Head of the Global Health Network, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
Vicki Marsh
Senior Researcher, Health Systems and Social Science Group, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya; and Research Lecturer, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Research Associate, Ethox Centre, University of Oxford, UK
Sassy Molyneux
Lecturer and Group Head, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Ethox Centre, University of Oxford, UK; and KEMRI- Wellcome Trust, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
Richard H. Morrow
Professor of International Health, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
Lawrence H. Moulton
Professor of Biostatistics, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
Seth Owusu-Agyei
Director, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Kintampo, Ghana
David A. Ross
Professor of Epidemiology and International Public Health, MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
Donald de Savigny
Professor of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
Joanna Schellenberg
Professor of Epidemiology and International Health and Head of Department of Disease Control, London
xxxi CONTRIBUTORS School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine,
London, UK
Peter G. Smith
Professor of Tropical Epidemiology, MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
Jim Todd
Reader in Applied Biostatistics, Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
Cesar Victora
Emeritus Professor of Epidemiology, Departmento de Medicina Social, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil
Jimmy Volmink
Dean, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University; and Director, South African (SA) Cochrane Centre, SA Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
Damian G. Walker
Senior Program Officer, Integrated Delivery, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, USA
Helen Weiss
Professor of Epidemiology and Head of the MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
Peter Winch
Director, Social and Behavioural Interventions Program,
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
Fabio Zicker
Senior Visiting Professor,
Center for Technological Development in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro,
# number
ABC activity-based costing ACT artimisinen combination
treatment AE adverse event ASRH adolescent sexual and
reproductive health BCG bacille Calmette–Guérin BMI body mass index
CAB Community Advisory Board CAG Community Advisory Group CBA cost–benefit analysis CEA cost-effectiveness analysis CI confidence interval CIOMS Council for International
Organizations of Medical Sciences
CONSORT Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials
CRO clinical research organization CSF cerebrospinal fluid
CT Chlamydia trachomatis CUA cost-utility analysis CVD cardiovascular disease DALY disability-adjusted life-year DDI Data Documentation Initiative DDT dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane df degree of freedom
DFID Department for International Development
DHMT district health management team DHS Demographic and Health Surveys DMB Data Monitoring Board DMC Data Monitoring Committee DNA deoxyribonucleic acid DSMB Data and Safety Monitoring
Board
DSMC Data and Safety Monitoring Committee
ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
EPI Expanded Programme on Immunisation
ERC ethics review committee ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate ESRC Economic and Social Research
Council
GCP Good Clinical Practice
GCLP Good Clinical Laboratory Practice GDP gross domestic product
GIS geographical information system GPS global positioning system GRADE Grading of Recommendations
Assessment, Development, and Evaluation
HBV hepatitis B virus HDSS health and demographic
surveillance system HIC high-income country
HIV human immunodeficiency virus HLA human leucocyte antigen HSV 2 herpes simplex virus type 2 IATA International Air Transport
Association
ICER incremental cost-effectiveness ratio
ICH International Conference on Harmonisation
ICMJE International Committee of Medical Journal Editors IDMC Independent Data Monitoring
Committee
IEC information, education, and communication
IMCI Integrated Management Of Childhood Illness
INDEPTH International Network for the Demographic Evaluation of Populations and Their Health
ACRONYMS xxxiii
INESS INDEPTH Effectiveness And Safety Studies
INSERM Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
IPT intermittent preventive therapy for malaria
IPTc intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in children
IPTi intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants
IPTi-SP intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants using sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine IPTp intermittent preventive treatment
for malaria in pregnancy IRB Institutional Review Board ITN insecticide-treated bed-net IU international unit kg kilogram LAN local area network
LDMS Laboratory Data Management System
LIMS Laboratory Information Management System
LMIC low- and middle-income country Mango Management Accounting
for Non-governmental Organisations
MeSH medical subject heading MkV MEMA kwa Vijana MOH Ministry of Health
MTA Material Transfer Agreement NGO non-governmental organization ODK Open Data Kit
OHRP Office for Human Research Protections
OR odds ratio PCV packed cell volume PDA personal digital assistant PI principal investigator PICOS Population; Interventions
(or Exposure); Comparison; Outcomes; Study design PLA participatory learning and action POC point of care
PRA participatory rural appraisal
PRISMA Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
QA quality assurance QALY quality-adjusted life-year QC quality control
RCT randomized controlled trial RDT rapid diagnostic test
RR relative risk or risk ratio or rate ratio
SAE serious adverse event SAP statistical analysis plan SMC seasonal malaria
chemoprevention
SOP standard operating procedure SP sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine SPIRIT Standard Protocol Items:
Recommendations for Intervention Trials
SRH sexual and reproductive health STD sexually transmitted disease STI sexually transmitted infection TB tuberculosis
UK United Kingdom
UMPC ultra-mobile personal computer UN United Nations
UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
UNFPA United Nations Population Fund
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund USA United States of America USAID United States Agency for International Development vs versus
WHO World Health Organization WHO ERC World Health Organization
Research Ethics Review Committee
XML extensible markup language YLD years of life lived with disability YLL years of life lost