Surface-mounting
4 Press the “down” key for x Now the “up” and “down” keys for
8.4 Control and Testing 00 85 MAIN: Cold restart
A cold restart is executed. The setting is password-protected (see Section 6.7 “Password-Protected Control Operations”). A cold restart means that all settings are erased. The values that the protection device operates with after a cold restart are given in the address list in the “Default” column. They are selected so that the protection device is blocked after a cold restart.
A cold restart only needs to be carried out if modules that are activated through address 00 80 (IDENT: Add. HW modules) are to be deactivated.
03 02 MAIN: General reset Fig. 76
The following memories are reset:
¨ All counters
¨ LED indicators
¨ Signal memory
¨ Fault counter
¨ Measured fault data
¨ Measured ground fault data ¨ Fault records
The operation is password-protected (see Sec. 6.7 "Password-Protected Control Operations").
03 03 GFDSS: Reset meas. values Fig. 67
All measured ground fault data are reset.
03 04 GFDSS/TGFD: Reset counter Fig. 63
The counter for ground faults detected by steady-state power evaluation is reset.
03 06 FREC: Reset sig. memory Fig. 76
The following memories are reset:
¨ LED indicators
¨ Signal memory
¨ Fault counter
¨ Measured fault data
¨ Fault records
03 08 MON: Reset mon. sig. mem. Fig. 83
The following memories are reset:
¨ Monitoring signal memory
¨ Monitoring signal counter
03 10 LOC: Param. change enabl.
This enabling function allows values to be changed from the local control panel.
03 39 MAIN: Warm restart
In a warm restart the protection device functions as it does when the power supply voltage is turned on.
03 40 MAIN: Man. trip cmd. USER Fig. 69
A trip command is issued from the local control panel for a period of 100 ms. The setting is password-protected (see Section 6.7, "Password-Protected Control
Operations").
03 41 FREC: Triggering USER Fig. 81
Fault recording is enabled from the local control panel for 500 ms.
03 42 OUTP: Relay assign.f.test
The relay that is to be tested is selected.
03 43 OUTP: Relay test
The relay selected for testing is triggered for the set time period (O U T P : H o l d - t i m e f o r t e s t , address 03 44). The operation is password-protected (see Section 6.7 "Password-Protected Control Operations"). Additionally, the test needs to be enabled by activating the test mode (address 03 12 set to “1“).
03 44 OUTP: Hold-time for test
15 09 PSIG: Test telecom. USER Fig. 52
A send signal is transmitted for 500 ms. This possibility does not exist if “P S I G :
O p e r a t i n g m o d e ” is set for "Direct transfer trip underreaching."
21 10 MAIN: Reset indicat. USER Fig. 76
The following memories and storage devices are reset:
¨ LED indicators
¨ Measured data for steady-state ground fault direction determination, if
“G F D S S : C o m m o n r e s e t ” has been set accordingly
Preparation
After the PD 521 has been installed and connected in accordance with Chapter 5, the commissioning procedure can begin.
Before turning on the power supply voltage, the following items must be checked again:
¨ Is the protection device connected to the protective ground at the specified location?
¨ Does the nominal value of the auxiliary device voltage
VA,nom agree with the nominal value of the auxiliary
system voltage?
¨ Does the nominal value of the device control voltage Vin,nom agree with the nominal value of the system
control voltage?
¨ Are the current and voltage transformer connections, grounding and phase sequence correct?
After the wiring work is completed, check the system to make sure it is properly isolated. The conditions given in VDE 0100 must be satisfied.
Once all checks have been made, the power supply voltage may be turned on. After voltage has been applied, the protection device starts up. During startup various startup tests are carried out (see Section 3.18, "Self- Monitoring"). The LED indicators for "Operation" (H2) and "Blocked/Faulty" (H3) light up. After approximately 11 s the PD 521 is ready for operation. This is indicated when the display changes from address 99 00 to the preset address (factory-set default: 03 10).
In as-received condition the keyboard is not locked. Therefore all settings can be made after the change enabling command (address 03 10) has been issued. The procedure for entering settings from the integrated local control panel is described in Chapter 6.
If the protection device is to be set and fault records read out through the PC or ILSA interface, then the following settings must first be made from the integrated local control panel. (These settings are only possible from the local control panel.)
¨ P C : B a u d r a t e (address 03 81) ¨ P C : C o m m a n d e n a b l i n g (address 03 80) ¨ P C : S i g . / m e a s . v a l . b l o c k (address 03 86) ¨ I L S A : B a u d r a t e (address 03 71) ¨ I L S A : C o m m a n d e n a b l e U S E R (address 03 70) ¨ I L S A : S i g . / m e a s . b l c k . U S E R (address 03 76) ¨ I D E N T : D e v i c e p a s s w o r d 1 (address 00 48) ¨ I D E N T : D e v i c e p a s s w o r d 2 (address 00 49) ¨ P C / I L S A : D e v i c e a d d r . ( C U ) (address 03 68) ¨ P C / I L S A : D e v i c e a d d r . ( P U ) (address 03 69) ¨ F R E C : T i m e - s w i t c h i n g (address 03 95) ¨ F R E C : T i m e o f d a y (address 03 96) ¨ F R E C : D a t e (address 03 97) ¨ F R E C : Y e a r (address 03 98)
Further instructions regarding these settings are given in Chapters 7 and 8.
After the settings have been made, the following checks should be carried out once again:
¨ Does the function assignment of the binary signal inputs agree with the terminal connection diagram?
¨ Has the correct operating mode been selected for the binary signal inputs?
¨ Does the function assignment of the output relays agree with the terminal connection plan?
¨ Have all settings been made correctly?
Now the blocks at the following addresses can be cleared:
¨ Address 03 30: M A I N : P r o t e c t i o n a c t i v e "on".
¨ Address 21 12: MAIN: T r i p c m d . b l o c k U S E R .
Testing
By using the signals and displays generated by the PD 521 it is possible to determine whether the PD 521 is correctly set and properly interconnected with the station. Signals are signaled by output relays and LED indicators and entered into the signal memory. In addition, the signals can be checked by selecting the appropriate signal addresses.
If the circuit breaker will not be operated during testing, the trip command can be blocked through address 21 12 or an appropriately configured binary signal input. If a test of the circuit breaker is desired, it is possible to issue a trip command for 100 ms through address 03 40 or an
appropriately configured binary signal input. Selection of the trip command from the integrated local control panel is password-protected (see Section 6.7, "Password-
Protected Control Operations").
If the PD 521 is connected to a control station it is advisable to activate the test mode via address 03 12 or an appropriately configured binary signal input. The messages are then identified accordingly (reason for
Checking the Binary Signal Inputs
When the binary signal inputs are configured for the appropriate signals, then it is possible to determine from the signals (see Section 8.2) whether the protection device recognizes the binary signals correctly.
¨ Address 54 00: display of the current state of binary signal input U1
¨ Address 54 03: display of the current state of binary signal input U2
The displayed values have the following meanings:
¨ Value of "0": Not energized.
¨ Value of "1": Energized.
This display appears regardless of the binary signal input mode selected.
Checking the Output Relays
It is possible to trigger the output relays for a settable time period for test purposes (time setting at address 03 44). First set value „1“ at address 03 12 (PC/ILSA: T est m ode USER), then select the output relay to be tested (address 03 42). Test triggering then occurs through address 03 43. It is password-protected (see Chapter 6, Section "Password-Protected Control Operations").
Checking the Protective Function Checking Distance Protection
When checking distance protection with a single-phase test device, the measuring circuit monitoring function should be deactivated (address 14 01) since it would otherwise always operate and thus block distance protection after approximately 10 s. If the signal M A I N : M . c . b . t r i p V L S E X T is assigned to a binary signal input then the latter must have a logic value of "0."
Checking the Fault Detection Logic
The fault detection settings can be illustrated in a V-I diagram (see Figure 104). The slope of the impedance line plotted in the V-I diagram is a function of the settings for underimpedance fault detection logic and the phase displacement between the measured variables (see Figure 104).
103 Example of the fault detection settings in a V-I diagram
Checking I> (IN), V< and I>>:
104 Characteristic of underimpedance fault detection logic
When checking underimpedance fault detection logic using single-phase test current we obtain the following relation for the operate condition for a phase-to-phase loop: V I 2 Z test test = × < V e I e 2 Z e test j test test j0 j Z × × ° = × < × j j
For absolute value (modulus) and angle this means: V I 2 Z test test = × < 0 jtest =jZ
where:
Z< : starting impedance jZ: impedance angle Vtest: test voltage
Itest: test current
jtest: phase angle between test voltage and test
current
The starting impedance is calculated in the range of the reactance limit, that is, for impedance angle jZ in the range jL < jz < 110° as follows: Z X sin fw Z < = j Xfw : START: X f w setting
The limit angle jL is defined by the point of intersection of
reactance and resistance limits and is calculated as follows: jL fw fw X R = arc tan Rfw : S T A R T : R f w P - G or S T A R T : R f w P - P setting
If underimpedance fault detection logic is to be checked under all angle conditions, then the starting impedances for the individual angle ranges are calculated according to the following formulas:
Angle Range Starting Impedance
b j£ Z £jL Z Rfw
Z < =
cosj
When checking phase-to-ground startings, the setting START: Z evaluation must be taken into account. If "ZPG=VPG / 2*/P" is set then the equations set out for phase-to-phase startings apply. If, on the other hand, "ZPG=VPG /(/P + kG*IN)" is set then the complex ground
factor kG that has been set must be taken into account if
the setting for D I S T : k G a b s . v a l u e is not equal to one and/or the setting for D I S T : k G a n g l e is not equal to 0°. When the test is carried out using single- phase test current, the following relation for the operate condition is obtained:
V I 1 k Z test test G = + × <
V e I e 1 k e Z e test j test 0 G j j test G Z × × ° = + × × < × j j j j
For absolute value and angle this means:
V I 1 k 2 k cos Z test test G 2 G G = æèç + + × × j öø÷ × <
j j j j j j j test Z G Z G Z G Z G
arc tan sin k sin cos k cos = + × + + × + or
j j j j j j j Z test G test G test G test G k k = + × - + × -
arc tan sin sin
cos cos
where
Z< : starting impedance jZ: impedance angle
From the input measured variables the PD 521 calculates the residual current IN and the neutral-point displacement
voltage VN-G, , which are used for ground starting. They
are calculated according to the following formulas: IN = IA+IB+IC
V 1
3 V V V
N G A G = × + B G + C G
For a single-phase test where VA G =VC G = , the0 result of the calculation formula for VN-G just cited is that
the START: VN - G> or S T A R T : VN - G> > triggers
operate if the test voltage exceeds the following value:
V 3 V V
3 test = × N-G> × nom
VN-G>: S T A R T : VN - G> or
S T A R T : VN - G> > setting
For a single-phase test where IB = IC = , the following0 applies to currents:
Itest = > ×IN Inom
IN>: “S T A R T : IN> “ s e t t i n g
Operation of ground starting is only signaled by the LED indicator if starting in a phase also operates. The operation of ground starting independent of operation of phase starting can be observed at address 36 21. The values determined by the PD 521 for the residual current IN and the neutral-point displacement voltage VN-G
are displayed by the operating data displays at addresses 04 44 (current) and 04 42 (voltage).
Checking Distance and Directional Measurement
When checking the impedance zones using single-phase test current we obtain the following relation for the operate condition for a phase-to-phase loop:
V I 2 Z test test = × < V e I e 2 Z e test j test 0 j test Z × × ° = × < × j j j
For absolute value and angle this means:
V I 2 Z test test = × < jtest =jZ where Z< : tripping impedance jZ: impedance angle
Vtest: test voltage
Itest: test current
jtest: phase angle between test voltage and test current With the PD 521, the user may choose between a
polygonal and a circular tripping characteristic. This selection of the tripping characteristic will then govern the calculation of the tripping impedances.
DIST : Characteristic “Polygon“ Setting
The tripping impedance is calculated in the range of the reactance limits, that is, for impedance angle jZ in the
range jL < jZ< 90°, as follows: Z X Z < = sinj X: Settings D I S T : X1 to D I S T : X4
The limit angle jL is defined by the point of intersection of
reactance and resistance limits and is calculated as follows: j a L X R X = arc tan + tan R: Settings D I S T : R1 P - G t o D I S T : R4 P - G or D I S T : R1 P - P t o D I S T : R4 P - P a: Settings D I S T : a
In the range of the resistance limits, that is, for impedance angles in the range of 0° < jZ < jL, the tripping impedance
is calculated according to the following formula:
Z R Z Z < = - cos sin tan j j a
When checking phase-to-ground loops the complex ground factor kG that has been set must be taken into
account if the setting for D I S T : kG a b s . v a l u e is not equal to one and/or the setting for D I S T : kG a n g l e is not equal to 0°. When the test is carried out using single-phase test current, the following relation for the operate condition is obtained:
V I 1 k Z test test G = + × <
V e I e k e Z e test j test j G j j test G Z × × ° = + × × < × j j j 0 1
For absolute amount and angle this means: V I 1 k 2 k cos Z test test G 2 G G = æèç + + × × j öø÷ × <
j j j j j j j test Z G Z G Z G Z G k k = + × + + × +
arc tan sin sin
cos cos or
j j j j j j j Z test G test G test G test G k k = + × - + × -
arc tan sin sin
cos cos
where
In impedance zone 1 the set zone extension factor kze
enters into the tripping impedance in all fault cases. Rtrip = kze× R
Xtrip = kze× X
where
Rtrip: actual tripping resistance
Xtrip: actual tripping reactance
kze: Setting D I S T : kz e P - G H S R or D I S T : kz e P - P H S R R: S etting D I S T : R4 P - G to D I S T : R4 P - G or D I S T : R4 P - P to D I S T : R4 P - P X: S etting D I S T : X1 t o D I S T : X4
Whether the zone extension factor kze HSR is active or not
is controlled by the following protective functions:
¨ Switch on to fault protection
¨ An appropriately configured signal input
¨ Protective signaling (teleprotection)
DIST : Characteristic “Circle“ Setting
If a circular tripping characteristic has been selected, the tripping impedance is set on the PD 521. If, in addition, the setting “Arc compensation: yes “ has been chosen then, for the measurement of sine variables, the characteristic shown in Figure 106 is obtained.
106 Impedance characteristic for distance and directional determination for the “Circle“ setting
The actual tripping impedance in the ranges - °<45 jZ <a and 135°<jZ <(a+180°) is then calculated as follows:
Ztrip = Z × +(1 sin )@
In the range - °<45 jZ <a the following relation holds: d a j= - Z
In the range 135°<jZ <(a+180°) we have: d a j= - Z +180°
where:
Ztrip: actual tripping impedance
Z: setting D I S T : Z1 to D I S T : Z4 jZ: impedance angle
a: setting D I S T : a
When checking phase-to-ground loops the complex ground factor kG that has been set must be taken into
account if the setting for D I S T : kG a b s . v a l u e is
not equal to one and/or the setting for D I S T : kG
a n g l e is not equal to 0°. When the test is carried out using single-phase test current, the following relation for the operate condition is obtained:
V I 1 k Z test test G = + × <
V e I e k e Z e test j test j G j j test G Z × × ° = + × × < × j j j 0 1
For absolute amount and angle this means:
V I 1 k 2 k cos Z test test G 2 G G = æèç + + × × j öø÷ × <
j j j j j j j test Z G Z G Z G Z G k k = + × + + × +
arc tan sin sin
cos cos or
j j j j j j j Z test G test G test G test G k k = + × - + × -
arc tan sin sin
cos cos where Z< : tripping impedance jZ: impedance angle kG : D I S T : kG a b s . v a l u e setting jG D I S T : kG a n g l e setting
Vtest: test voltage
Itest: test current
jtest: phase angle between test voltage and test current In impedance zone 1 the set zone extension factor kze
enters into the tripping impedance in all fault cases.
Ztrip = kze× Z1
where
Ztrip: actual tripping impedance kze: Setting
D I S T : kz e P - G H S R or
D I S T : kz e P - P H S R
Z1: S etting D I S T : Z1
Whether the zone extension factor kze HSR is active or not
is controlled by the following protective functions:
¨ Switch on to fault protection
¨ An appropriately configured signal input
Checking the Voltage Memory
In certain cases the voltage stored by the voltage memory is used for direction determination. If the voltage memory is to be tested using a single-phase test device, checking should only be done for an A-B fault.
The voltage memory is enabled if the following two conditions are satisfied:
¨ Voltage VA B >0 5 V.6 × nom.
¨ The frequency is in the range 0 99. ×fnom < <f 101. ×fnom. With starting the voltage memory is decoupled from the synchronizing voltage (VA-B), and the stored voltage can
be used for directional measurement for 2 s maximum. The PD 521 determines, on the basis of the magnitude of the fault voltage, whether the direction will be determined using the fault voltage, the stored voltage or the set angle a (D I S T : a ). The following possibilities exist:
Angle for Direction Determination with:
Voltage
memory 0.002 V× nom<Vmeas<0.15 V× nom Vmeas <0.002 V× nom
Enabled j
X jX
Not enabled j
F a
jX: angle determined using the stored voltage
jF: angle determined using the selected measured
variables
Vmeas: selected measuring voltage
The method by which jX is determined is described in
Chapter 3, Section "Distance and Directional Measurement."
Whether connection of the distance protection function to the system’s current and voltage transformers involves the correct phase can be checked using the operating data displays for load angle (addresses 04 55 to 04 57). The load angles for all three phases must be approximately
Checking Measuring Circuit Monitoring
Both the current and voltage measuring circuits are monitored. Operation of the monitoring functions can be observed by selecting addresses 37 20 (operation of current or voltage monitoring) or 38 23 (operation of voltage monitoring). The monitoring signals can also be entered into the monitoring signal memory and identified by reading out the monitoring signal memory.
Monitoring of current-measuring circuits functions only if 0.125 × Inom flows in at least one phase. The PD 521
determines from the three phase currents the absolute value of the negative-sequence component, which is calculated according to the following formula:
I 1 3 I a I a I neg = × A+ 2× B+ × C a e= j1200 a2=ej2400
The operate condition for the current measuring circuits is
Ineg ³(Ineg> ×) IP,max
where
Ineg >: M O N : T h r e s h o l d v a l u e In e g setting
With a single-phase test current we obtain
I 1
3 I
neg = × test
IP,max =Itest
For the operate conditions that means:
1
3× Itest ³(Ineg ) I> × test
0.333 ³ (Ineg >)
Therefore operation of current measuring circuit
monitoring with single-phase test current is only possible if -
For two-phase test current in phase opposition we obtain:
Ineg = ×31 Itest +a × -Itest = 1 ×Itest
3
2 ( )
IP,max = Itest
For the operate condition this means:
1
3×Itest ³(Ineg > ×) Itest
0.577 ³ (Ineg> )
Therefore operation of current measuring circuit monitoring with a two-phase test current in phase
opposition is only possible if the threshold operate value is set smaller than 0.577.
If the threshold operate value satisfies the respective condition, then current measuring circuit monitoring operates with a test current greater than 0.125 Inom after
the operate delay of 10.1 s has elapsed.
Negative-sequence monitoring of the voltage measuring circuits is enabled if at least one phase-to-ground voltage exceeds the value 0.7 V× nom / 3. Other enabling criteria that can be activated on an optional basis are the following (selection of enabling criteria at address 14 07):
¨ A phase current must exceed 0.05 ×Inom.
¨ The signal at the binary signal input configured for
A R C : C B c l o s e d s i g . E X T must have a logic value of "1."
If negative-sequence monitoring has been enabled, the PD 521 determines the absolute value of negative- sequence voltage according to the following formula:
V 1 3 V a V a V neg = × A G + 2× B G+ × C G a e= j1200 a2=ej2400
The trigger threshold of Vneg is set permanently at 0.2 V× nom / 3. In the case of a single-phase test using
VB G =VC G =0, the result of that and of the previously cited calculation formula for Vneg is that the trigger
operates when the test voltage exceeds the following value: V 3 0.2 V 3 test nom ³ × ×
A signal is not issued until the operate delay totaling 9.8 s has elapsed.
- - -
Checking Backup Overcurrent Time Protection
The switch to backup overcurrent time protection (BUOC) — if it has been appropriately set — is brought about by measuring circuit monitoring or the tripping of the voltage transformer miniature circuit breaker on the line side. If the current exceeds the set threshold operate value BUOC: I > , then starting occurs in the corresponding phase(s). After the set time delay B U O C : t I > has elapsed, the PD 521 trips. If M A I N : N e u t r a l p o i n t t r e a t ( m e n t ) is set to "Low-impedance-grounding“,
then an SN start occurs if the residual current IN
calculated by the PD 521 exceeds the set threshold B U O C : I N > . After the set time delay B U O C : t I N > has elapsed, the PD 521 trips.
The PD 521 calculates the residual current IN according to
the following formula:
IN = IA+IB+IC
From this we obtain in the case of a single-phase test (for example, IB = IC = 0) a test current of
Itest = > ×IN Inom
at which the operate threshold BUOC: I N > is reached. If the PD 521 is operating with protective signaling or ARC, tripping of the backup overcurrent time protection proceeds after the corresponding tripping times have elapsed.
Checking Protective Signaling
The protective signaling function can only be checked if protective signaling is ready. This is displayed at address 37 27 (P S I G : R e a d y ).
If protective signaling is not ready, this may be caused by the following reasons:
¨ Protective signaling is not activated. This can be checked at address 15 04 P S I G : E n a b l e d