Analysing data is not limited to a particular number of analysis tools, Saunders et al., (2009) mentioned each researcher has their own analysis that requires its methodology and method, additionally more than one analysis tool such as transcripts and taking notes throughout the interview is applicable (Collis et al., 2011). Analysis of data aims to find the comprehensive information between the research factors whether it was qualitative or quantitative research.
Cohen et al., (2011) mentioned the researcher needs to design interview questions and questionnaires carefully as they need to choose an appropriate strategy and layout in order for entry to the computer and assess the output, the researcher of a qualitative study must be aware of different aspects and techniques for analysis of data, such as coding and field notes, mapping, pattern of responses, people constructs and behaviour accounts; so data analysis in qualitative research is a combination process of strategy, layout of questions and collecting data in field work, analysis of the data and finally the outcome, the processing of data analysis is quite a complex process based on being back and forth between these factors. Catherine (2002) explained that it is possible to develop your own way to analyse data if that supports establishment of the research and there is no rigid and strict vehicle for analysis strategies, as in this regard.
The study considers transcripts of interviews with participants, however the task of transcripts is not considered separately, a time-consuming interview can run as the research needs, for as long as necessary, and it is not just what the participants say, it is how they act, tone of voice and attitude which are all taken into consideration (Saunders et al., 2009). Accordingly, Bryman (2012) explained that qualitative data is a large unstructured data unlike quantitative data, organizing and cutting of data by clear approaches or procedure of analysing is required to achieve the developed findings. Creswell, (2013) described three main steps which are; organizing data for analysis, reducing it into themes by codes and sub-codes, and finally representing data into tables and charts for discussion. On the other hand, many researchers assumed thematic analysis as an activity that could be used in any approach, while others conduct it as part of coding data in qualitative analysis. Regarding questionnaire tools, researchers often use quantitative tools to analyse qualitative data that measures independent variables through four levels of agreement; strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree, also determining choices are considered to control catching dependents’ variables besides some questions that allow participants to put their opinion for more clarification.
Regarding analysis of the questionnaire, the researcher used SPSS to analyse and explain dependent and independent variables by finding cross tabulation factors and showing the ratio of connection between certain questions that the researcher selected due to the relation directly or indirectly to the research questions. As the findings of the interviews with refugees and stakeholders showed, the importance of further explaining is the first stage of survey analysis. The researcher measured the level of connections between these questions based on cross tabulation formula which must be equal or less than 0.005 (Bryman, 2012). In this regard, the researcher chose those questions that showed as dependent variables and listed with refugees responses to present the highest ratio as shown in (Appendix G). In this regard, the researcher found some dependent variables between daily activities and social and cultural aspects which were considered in the list of specifications as a result, the connection between questions measured through a ratio of -value which typically means probability of connecting between selected questions.
Concerning the steps and approaches described above, these were taken when the researcher analysed the raw data for this study, it was appropriate in order to answer the research questions to find the right explanations. In this regard, the researcher divided the data analysis based on answering the research questions where each question had been answered by a certain group of stakeholders and constructed to answer the second, third and so on, by other groups of stakeholders as the phase required. Hence, the interpreting of data and discovering related variables by thematic framework are taken into account. Analysing the interview was based on developing nodes and discussion themes, which were the basis of the content of the interview. After this, the second stage was considered in the questionnaire analysis and finding relations and connections with requirements to represent a deeper understanding of the refugees’ situation.
In terms of showing refugee practices and understanding peoples’ stories in camps, the researcher conducted an ethnography strategy to clarify stakeholders’ points of view of it being a temporary camp and informal city; the purpose of this was to guide the results methodically to a conceptual level and examine the related features of the participants’ contributions. The research concerns the relationship between the data analysis phase and avoiding liner sequences to reduce bias in the conclusion, also time was a big challenge to collect all of the views of stakeholders and analyse the data, which took considerable time.
Regarding the importance of non-respondent error and increasing the rate of responses, the researcher used some techniques to reduce the rate of non-response. Dillman, 2011; Denscombe, 2014) suggested some techniques to reduce non-responses, such as using an accurate population, reminders and re-contacting people, prior notifications as a letter or emails of invitation to interview, topic capture of the contacts, showing their response made a difference in the research findings, keeping things simple, prior information of the meeting in advance, and so on. Also, the researcher considered that some responses did not meet the research criteria and requirements (Saunders at el., 2009), therefore it was removed from the data analysis. Based on the previous explanation to reduce responses, bias and ineligible responses of those who did not complete the questionnaire properly or did not meet research requirements were also removed.
3.20 Chapter Summary
This chapter has discussed the research methodology and research philosophy, which is essential to track the research properly and get valuable research outcomes. Achieving the research aim and objectives and answering the research questions act as a guide to choose and justify the research approach, strategy, and methods of data collection, and analysis of data were fully discussed in this chapter with sources of evidence. This chapter has discussed the adoption of the design science method throughout the research process and design phases. It is a unique process, a design cycle which combines theoretical and artificial techniques that lead to a contribution towards knowledge of a practical problem. This chapter has viewed the decisions and justifications behind choosing the appropriate research design strategy to achieve the aim of the research; an inductive approach (qualitative) was taken due to the interpretative human activities in a social context (refugee camps) besides conducting an ethnography strategy to make a contribution to theory building and knowledge in terms of presenting social and cultural aspects of refugee practices. The next chapter shows how the primary data from the field work were analyzed through the design science method.
Chapter F our
Result Review and Analysis
4.1
Introduction
The previous chapter discussed the methodology of the research and design science method in terms of adoption of the research process, to achieve the research objectives and answering the research questions.
This chapter shows the findings and how this primary data from the field work were analyzed. Phases one and two are summarized refugees’ responses, local companies and humanitarian organizations, located in Jordan, that formulated the list of requirements by conducting in-depth interviews and distributing questionnaires, which allows to discover independent and dependent variables of peoples’ responses. The third phase of design science, which includes developing the specifications list, is based on the data analysis of the requirements list and supported by reviewed literature. Phase four of design science demonstrates the specifications list by in depth interviews with experts and international organizations. The research also uses an ethnography strategy to present peoples’ practices in daily activities by conducting storytelling which was appropriate to add social value to meet refugees’ needs and improve their quality of living standards.
The fifth phase evaluates the list of specifications by illustrating several design proposals for refugee shelters by local architects who are not involved in housing refugees. Regarding the field work findings, it presents the outcome of stakeholders’ responses and their prioritizations and the last section shows the list of specifications as a result of the field work findings. The following Figure (4.1) shows the research stages of survey analysis within the design science phases.
This chapter covers the result analysis of four stages of mixed data collected using multiple data collection techniques, namely; one to one in-depth interviews, group discussions, and structured questionnaires that were distributed to the research stakeholders at different research stages. Saunders et al., (2009) argues that there is no fixed data technique appropriate for each situation. Ultimately, the research is influenced by factors that formulate the audience for the findings and should encourage the researcher to commit to different techniques.
Cohen et al., (2011) argue that social research is the ‘container’ for using interview techniques which construct knowledge and present different views between two or more people and highlights the interaction or conflicts of human interest and knowledge. In this regard the research investigates the social implementation of refugees in a hot-dry climate in camps, exploring in more detail their way of life in such situations and the interview techniques provides the collection of this data. Cohen et al., explained that interviews enable multi-level communications between the heard, spoken, verbal and non-verbal and enables the interviewee to express complex issues of situations that may not appear directly within the question.
The researcher also conducted questionnaire parallels which answer the same sort of questions. Saunders et al., (2009) mentioned that a questionnaire is suitable for explanatory research. In this regard, the research uses questionnaire techniques to measure variables of field work and explore the relationship between them. It is good practice to find the relationships between variables that appear from in-depth interviews. The variables in the research consider social and cultural implementation, settlement implementation, shelter performance and environment context conditions, additionally the questionnaires highlighted the variables by users’ respondents precisely.
The researcher conducted unstructured interviews in the early stages, which is necessary to adopt a constructivism ontology of users in their environment, attempting to understand social meaning and beliefs and knowledge gathering. It was necessary to design a structured interview or questionnaire as part of the exploratory theme.
The research method is based on design science as described in the previous sections which includes five phases as follows: